Cell Structure and Function: Key Organelles and Their Roles

Plasma membrane =

Cell membrane

Selectively permeable outer barrier of the cell. Controls what enters/exits the cell

nucleus

Houses genetic information, controls cell structure & functions

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Network of tubules that synthesize proteins with ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubules that synthesize lipids (fatty acids & steroids)

No Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Packages, sorts and transports proteins received from Endoplasmic reticulum

"Post-office"

Peroxisome

Small sacs which detoxify alcohol and hydrogen peroxide

Lysosome

Contain digestive enzymes that breakdown a molecules

Mitochondrion

Powerhouse" of the cell, generate energy or ATP

Centrioles

Organizing center for growth of mitotic spindles and microtubules Used for cell division

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol

Size of Prokaryotic Cell

1-10 micrometers very small

Size of Eukaryotic Cell 

10-100 Micrometers can see with scanning

Genetic Material of Prokaryotic Cell

DNA Lacks true Nucleus

Eukaryotic genetic makeup

DNA Nucleus

Cellular structure of Prokaryotic 

lacks many cell strucutres and organelles very basic

Eukaryotic Cell structure

Many organelles with their own function

Kingdoms Of Prokaryotic

Monera

Kingdoms of Eukaryotic Cell

Animalia, Pantae, Fungi, Protista

Organism Prokaryotic 

All Bacteria 

Organism Eukaryotic

Human, tree, Mushroom, Algae

Stages of the Cell Cycle

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Interphase

period of growth & preparation.

•Nuclear envelope & Nucleolus are visible

•Chromatin is free in nucleus

g1- cell grows

S1- DNA is replicated

G2- Cell checkpoint makes sure the

cell is ready to divide

Prophase

•Nuclear envelope & nucleolus are no longer visible

•Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

•Spindle fibers form

Metaphase

•Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane
•Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Anaphase

•Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

•Spindle fibers shorten, aiding in the segregation of chromosomes

Telophase

•2 polar sets of DNA

•Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of DNA

  *Looks like large cell with 2 Nuclei

Cytokinesis

•Cleavage furrow

•Microfilaments pulls inwardly on the cell membrane

•Separates into two cells

4 Types of Tissue

Epithelial: Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs & forms glandular tissues.

Connective: Supports and protects other tissues.

Muscle: Produces movement for various purposes.

Nervous: Acts to communicate with, and control, other parts of the body

Epithelial Tissues shape

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Layering Pattern of Epithelial Tissue 

Simple, Stratified, Pseduostratified

Simple Squamous function and location

Function

Filtration, Absorption, Secretion

Locations

Air sacs of the lungs

Inner lining of blood vessels & heart

Kidney glomeruli

Simple Cuboidal

•Function

•Absorption, Secretion, limited protection

•Locations

•Thyroid gland & Other Glandular tissue

•Portions of kidney tubules

•Surface of the Ovaries

Simple Columnar 

•Function

•Absorption and Secretion

•Locations

•Lining of the Gastrointestinal tract

•Small bronchi in the lungs

•Fallopian tubes

Portions of the Uterus

Pseudostratified Columnar

•Function

•Secretion and Protection

•Locations

•Lines nasal cavity, and upper respiratory tract

Portions of sperm ducts

Stratified Squamous

•Function

•Protection

•Location

•Surface of the skin

•Layers of the mouth, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

Stratified Cuboidal 

•Function:

•Protection

•Locations:

•Ducts of sweat glands

•Mammary glands

Salivary glands

Stratified Columnar

•Function

•Protection and Secretion

•Sample location

•Male Urethra

•Salivary Glands

Transitional Epithelium

•Function

•Expansion and retraction of tissues

•Location

•Ureters,

•Urinary bladder

•Portion of the urethra