WHAP Unit 7

Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

October Manifesto

This granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma

Rasputin

Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Czarina

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

China's Revolution

Qing dynasty collapse. Declares itself a republic (Nationalist-Chiang Kai-shek). After the Long March invasion, Communism took over (Mao Zedong)

Kuomintang (KMT)

China's Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was overthrown by Mao's Communists in 1949 and forced to flee to Taiwan

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

civil war; challenged Porfio Díaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

political propaganda

attempts to shape governmental actions and laws by changing people's beliefs and opinions

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality or ethnic group without any particular political boundaries

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

MANIAC (causes of WWI)

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination, and Capitalism

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Triple Aliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Spanish Flu of 1918

(January 1918 - December 1920) It was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic. It infected 500 million people across the world and killed 50 to 100 million of them—3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

The Armistice

November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Radical Nationalism

An extreme form of nationalism which can include racism and other forms of discrimination and prejudice against those not part of the nation, which is usually narrowly defined; this belief often justifies violence to achieve certain goals.

Nanjing Massacre

(1937) the murder of as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children by Japanese troops

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.

Operation Sea Lion

Germany's plan to invade Great Britain in 1940. It consisted first of taking air superiority and then launching an amphibious invasion. However, it failed because German air superiority could never be established.

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Atomic Bombing

on August 6 and August 9, 1945; this effectively ended the US war with Japan in World War II

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

The Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Giovinezza

Official hymn of the Italian National Fascist Party Regime

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Stalin's Five Year Plan

Goals that would promote rapid industrial growth and to strengthen national defense

Holodomor

a man-made famine-genocide in which the USSR starved the people of Ukraine; killed millions

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

FDR's New Deal

Government programs passed by Congress to help the U.S. get out of Great Depression