So far FA

how many bones in the vertebrae

24 bones

how many bones in the cervical vertebrae

7 bones

how many bones in the thoracic vertebrae

12 bones

how many bones in the lumbar vertebrae

5

cervical image

thoracic image

lumbar image

characteristics of the cervical vetrebrae

by transeverse foramina

characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae

• long spinous process

• articulations for ribs

characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae

by curved articular facets

sternum

• “breastbone”

• anterior portion of rib cage

• articulates with ribs and clavicles

sternum image

the rib cage

• 12 pairs of ribs - numbered superiorly to inferiorly

• articulations

• anteriorly- sternum

• posteriorly-vertebrae

rib cage image

sternal end

part of rib that articulates with sternum

sternal end image

sacrum

• inferior end of spine

• posterior portion of pelvic girdle

sacrum image

clavicle

• “collarbone”

• connects upper limb to axial skeleton

clavicle image

medial end

articulates with the sternum at the manubrium

medial end image

scapula

• “shoulder blade”

• posterior portion of the shoulder

scapula image

humerus

ulna (medial)

radius (lateral)

how many bones in carpals (wrist bones)

8 bones

how many bones in metacarpals (bones in palm)

5 bones

how many bones in phalanges (finger bones; singular= planax)

14 bones

Os coxae (innominate)

“hip bone”

• lateral and anterior pelvic girdle

• proximal lower limb

illium

blade of bone

ischium

posterior and inferior part we sit on

pubis

illium image

ischium image

pubis image

auricular surface

medial “ear shaped” surface that is articulation between os coxae and sacrum

greater sciatic notch

the wide notch just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine; pathway for performs muscle

auricular surface image

greater sciatic notch image

pubic symphysis

where the two pubic bones articulate

ischiopubic ramus

between ischium and pubis

pulic symphysis image

ischiopuvic ramus

how many bones in tarsal (ankle bones) bones

7 bones

how many bones in metatarsals (bones in foot arches)

5 bones

how many bones in toe phalanges

14 bones

Mediolegal Death Investigator System

Responsible for

• conducting death investigations

• certifying cause, manner and circumstances of unnatural & unexplained deaths

Mechanisms of death

the immediate physiologic derangement resulting in death, which is not etiologically specific

• hemorrhage

• cardiac arrhythmic

• sepsis

Death investigation

• scene investigation

• interviews with next-of-kin (family, friends)

• review of recent medical history

• examination of body

coroners

oversee death investigations within a particular jurisdiction

• elected or appointed

• common qualifications

• registered voter

• no felonies

• training program

medical examiners

physician who investigates death that are sudden, unexpected, or violent

• not required to be a forensic pathologist

• most-need additional specialized training in forensic pathology or related field

forensic pathologists

medical specialists who determines cause and manner of death through a postmortem exam

• conducts autopsies and other postmortem examinations

• medical degree + residency + fellowship + certification

Medicolegal Death Investigators

• first to examine the death scene

• collection information and evidence

• liaise with families and law enforcement

• ensure proper handling of the body + chain of custody

what are the skeletal collection types that WCU has

• archaeological

• anatomical

• donations

archaeological

• provenience

• often temporary possession

donations

• grave robbing

• criminals

• 1831 (MA) - Unclaimed individuals

• 1968- Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

anatomical

• pre 1985 in India

• 1985-2008 in China

• today are donations/high quality casts

what are the collections WCU

• John A. Williams Documented Human Skeletal Collection

• WCU Anatomical Collection

John A. Williams Documented Human Skeletal Collection

• Associated with FOREST (est. 2003), which was the 2nd Outdoor Decomposition Facility in the US

• about 130 individuals in the collection and which are self-donated and next-of-kin

• less than 400 pre-donors (self donation)

WCU Anatomical Collection

• legally acquired

• old medical specimens

• donated to wcu

what is forensic anthropology

the application of anthropological methods and theory

• those related to the recovery and analysis of human remains that matters to legal concern

what are the skeletal biologists examples

• human bone

• human variation

what do forensic anthropology

hired as consultants on forensic cases

• search and recovery

• excavation of buried remains

• skeletal analysis

• trauma analysis

• mass fatalities

• identification

what are the types of cases

• skeletonized

• mummified

• burned

• decomposed

what are the three main periods

• Formative Period (early 1800s-1938)

• Consolidation Period (1939-1971)

• Modern Period (1972- Present)

what happened during the Formative Period

Early 1800s

• rise of anatomy

• anthropometry

• skull collections

• studies of human variation

Parkman Murder (1849)

• Harvard chemistry prof John W. Webster murdered this person over debt

• dismembered segments in privy, furnace, and chest

• Harvard anatomists were Drs. Jeffries Wyman and Oliver Wendell Holmes

• had a fatal stab wound between ribs

• Dr. Nathan Keep was a dentisted that found a mold of _____ mouth

Sausage Vat Murder (1897)

• “____ King of Chicago” Adolph Luetgert killed his wife Louisa

• disposed body in vat of potash (waster-soluble potassium bearing salts)

• George A. Dorsey was the anthropologist who testified bones from human female

Thomas Dwight

• Father of Forensic Anthropology

• Physician, anatomist. professor at Harvard

• the Identification of the Human Skeleton: A Medico-legal Study (1878)

Ales Hrdlicka

• Father of Physical Anthropology

• 1903: Smithsonian

• 1918: American Journal of Physical Anthropology

• 1930: FBI cases

Earnest Hooton

• Physical Anthropologist at Harvard

• 1943: Medico-Legal Aspects of Physical Anthropology

• Students opened first doctoral programs

what are the establishments of skeletal research collections

• Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection (AT Cleveland Ohio, Case Western)

• >3000 (1893-1938)

• Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection

• >1700 (1910-1967)

Frye Standard (1923)

• evidence: established and generally accepted

• researcher as expert

what period was WWII used in play and where is the facitly located

consolidation and Hawaii

Mildred Trotter

• Anatomist, forensic anthropologist

• 1948: CILHI Director

• Founding member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1930)

T. Dale Stewart

• 1924-1927/1931-1971 – Smithsonian

• 1954: Director of US Army ID Lab, Japan

• Essentials of Forensic Anthropology (1979)

• ____ Award

• American Academy of Forensic Sciences

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)

Judge as “Gatekeeper”

Theory or technique:

• Tested

• Peer-reviewed

• Known error rate

• Standards for use

• Generally accepted

2009 National Academy of Science Report

Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward

• Scientific validation

• Standardized practice

• Quality control and oversight

• Accreditation and certification

• Education and training

• Bias and subjectivity

coronal suture

sagittal suture

lambdoidal suture

supraorbital margin

supraorbital foramen or notch

frontal eminence or boss

temporal lines

glabella

zygomatic

zygomatic arch

nasal part and notch

ethmoid

squamous suture

external acoustic meatus (eam)

mastoid process

nuchal crest

external occipital protuberance

nasal aperture

anterior nasal spine