Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another

Flashcards from Concept 6.5 of Pearson's Campbell Biology, Twelfth Edition.

Mitochondria

The sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

• Contains cristae, creating an intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix with a large surface area

Chloroplasts

The sites of photosynthesis in plants and algae

• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as other enzymes and molecules functioning in photosynthesis

• Found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

Peroxisomes

Oxidative organelles with an unknown lineage

• Bounded by a single membrane

• Contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substances to be transferred to oxygen, forming hydrogen peroxide

• Have been found to break fatty acids down for fuel, detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds in the liver

Cristae

An inner membrane with folds, creating a large surface area for activity

Mitochondrial matrix

Sites where some steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed, presenting a large surface area for enzymes

Thylakoids

Membranous sacs within a chloroplast stacked to form a granum

Stroma

The internal fluid within a chloroplast

Plastids

A group of plant organelles that inlcudes the chloroplast

Cytoskeleton

The support of the cell to maintain shape, interacting with motor proteins to produce cell motility for vesicles and other organelles

Microtubules

The thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton that help shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes during cell division

• Also control flagella and cilia beating that project from some cells, where they are sheathed in a plasma membrane extension

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

The thinnest of the three components of the cytoskeleton, forming a cortex inside the plasma to support the cell’s shape

• Makes up the core of microvilli in intestinal cells

Intermediate filaments

Fibers with diameters in a middle range in the cytoskeleton

Pseudopodia

Cellular extensions that allow cells to crawl along a surface

Cytoplasmic streaming

A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-protein interactions