AP Euro Unit 5 19th Century Perspectives

Who led the Congress of Vienna?

Clemens von Metternich

Who were the 5 great powers of Europe after Napoleon?

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France. Britain had the most power.

What was the political triumph of the Congress of Vienna?

40 years of peace.

Who was the Holy Alliance?

Russia, Austria, Prussia.

What was the Concert of Europe?

Series of alliances devised by Metternich that ensures other nations would help each other if wars broke out.

What were the consequences of the Congress of Vienna?

• Diminished the size and power of France

• Power of Britain and Prussia increased

• Nationalism spread in Germany, Greece, and other areas that had been under foreign control

• More European colonies demanding their independence

What was enclosure?

Rich land owners started fencing off what had once been communal land under the feudal system.

What agricultural developments led to the Agricultural Revolution?

• New crop rotation and drainage pioneered by Turnip Townshend

• Long-lasting foods became more common to the common people

• Jethro Tull invented the seed drill

• More food allowed for year-round fresh meat

What mainly led to the population boom of the 1700s?

Disappearance of the Bubonic plague, potatoes.

What was cottage industry?

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.

What was the putting-out system?

The 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the market.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Historical period in which machines began to replace human and animal power in the production and manufacturing of goods. Transition from and agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society.

What caused the Commercial Revolution?

Cottage industry could not meet growing demand —> spinning and weaving inventions —> textile factories

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?

• World’s largest colonial empire

• Rich in natural resources like iron and coal

• Navigable rivers and good ports (London, Liverpool, Bristol)

• Slavery was outlawed in early 1800s

• Best banking and railways that could carry a lot of product over a long distance

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to urbanization?

People moved from the rural areas to work in cities in factories.

What changed for women in the Industrial Revolution?

More single women working outside the home

What English city is known for becoming an industrial center in the Industrial Revolution?

Manchester

Who was Thomas Malthus?

Anglican minister who proposed basic theory that population increases exponentially, but land and resources are finite.

How did Thomas Malthus’s theory influence the Irish potato famine?

Great Britain did not help Ireland much because their thought was that the world was eventually going to run out of resources on a larger scale, and Ireland running out of food would delay this.

How did Britain rejecting absolutism affect the Industrial Revolution?

Allowed for an environment favorable to entrepreneurs and economic growth.

What is the Crystal Palace?

A structure that is a symbol of British success in the Industrial Revolution.

What happened to the nobles and clergy in the Industrial Revolution?

They lost their relevance.

What were the Combination Acts?

In 1799. Outlawed unions. Repealed in 1824.

Who were the Chartists?

People looking to bring more political rights for workers in the English Parliament.

How did Parliament power shift during the Industrial Revolution?

From the House of Lords to the House of Commons.

Who were the Luddites?

A violent group of workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs.

What were the corn laws?

A series of statutes enacted between 1815 and 1846 which kept corn prices at a high level. Intended to protect English farmers from cheap foreign imports of grain following the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

What were the consequences of the corn laws?

Urban working class had to spend the bulk of their income on grain to survive. They couldn’t buy manufactured goods, and manufacturers laid off workers.

Who were Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone?

Political rivals in England. Benjamin was conservative, and William was liberal.

What was the Reform Bill of 1832?

Introduced by the Whig Party. Increased the number of voters by 50% to include 12% of the men in England and Ireland. The turning point where England’s Parliament gains more power than the monarchy.

How was Ireland divided?

• Northern Ireland: 12 counties of Ulster, majority Protestant, supports closer ties to England

• Rest of Ireland: poor Catholic farmers forced to rent from Great Britain landowners, resent English

How did Ireland change from 1780 - 1840?

The population doubled due to potatoes.

What were the causes of the Irish Potato Famine?

• Catholic poor land farmers only grew potatoes for themselves

• Potato blight

• all of Ireland’s crops were being sent back to Great Britain as rent

What were the consequences of the Irish potato famine?

25% of Ireland’s population died. Lots of people left Ireland. The Irish resented the British even more for exploiting their crops when they were starving.

Who came up with germ theory?

John Snow.

What other ideas did germ theory compete with?

Miasma theory.

guild system

When? Began in Middle Ages, peak in 1600s-1700s

Who? People of a trade all came together in a guild

What? The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. Those not in guilds could not gain money from a trade a guild had taken.

Navigation Acts

When? 1651, 1660, 1663

Who? Oliver Cromwell then Charles II

What? A series of acts that said most goods imported to England and Scotland had to be on British ships or ships of countries producing the goods. Similarly applied to American colonies. Looked to eliminate foreign competition. Originally enacted as a form of economic warfare targeting the Dutch. Led to England taking lead of the shipping industry.

James Cook

When? 1700s

Who? English captain

What? Claimed east coast of Australia for England in 1770 and named it New South Wales. Killed by islanders in Hawaii in 1779 after having charted much of the Pacific Ocean. Started Britain’s hold over Australia.

What does Marx say workers need? What does he view as a problem of specialization?

Workers need to see themselves in the work that they make. Workers in specialization can’t see the contribution they’ve made to the final product, and causes alienation from the product.

What causes capitalist crises, according to Marx?

Too much is produced, so and not enough people are needed to produce that much. Capitalism is too efficient.

How does Marx view unemployment?

Unemployment is freedom.

Why do people stay married, according to Marx?

For financial reasons. The capitalist system forces everyone to put economic stability at their heart.

spinning jenny

When? 1765

Who? James Hargreaves

What? Cotton spinning machine that allowed for larger output from the textile industry. Spinning became a lot faster. Britain could compete in international textile markets.

separate spheres

When? mid 1800s

Who? Men and women

What? A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner. Constituted a major development in the history of women and family.

Freidrich Engels

When? 1820 -1895

Who? Revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx

What? Said that the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers. Blamed industrial capitalism. His thoughts influenced Marx and the socialist movement.

utilitarianism

When? Late 1700s, early 1800s

Who? Idea of Jeremy Bentham

What? Social policies should promote the “greatest good for the greatest number.” Public problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis. These ideas influenced Edwin Chadwick to initiate sanitary reform in Great Britain.

Louis Pasteur

When? 1822-1895

Who? French chemist

What? Developed germ theory. Through his creation of pasteurization, he discovered that specific diseases were caused bey specific living organisms (germs) that could be controlled. Challenged popular miasma theory.

suffrage movement

When? Around 1900

Who? Middle-class British women, suffragettes

What? Militant movement of women’s right to vote. British women received the right to vote in 1919.

Second Industrial Revolution

When? Late 1800s

Who? Western/Central Europe

Wha? The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the 19th century. Drove the urban reforms and rising standards of living at the time.

Social Darwinism

When? mid-1800s

Who? Originated in the works of Charles Darwin

What? Applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine survival of the fittest.

realism

When? 1840s - 1890s

Who? Middle class artists and writers. Started in France

What? A literary movement that, in contrast to romanticism, stressed the depiction of life as it actually was. Naturalism. Put a microscope to taboo subjects of the lower class, shocked and fascinated the middle class.

War and Peace

When? 1864-1869

Who? Russian realist Count Leo Tolstoy

What? Monumental novel set against the background of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812. Shows free will as an illusion. Shows human love, trust, and everyday family ties to be life’s enduring values.

What was happening at the end of the Age of Metternich?

• Industrial Revolution starting

• social problems

• population becoming increasingly mobile

• more demands for popular participation in government

• rising tide of nationalism

• government’s intent on preserving the social, political, and international status quo

• Congress of Vienna doesn’t last long but sets the stage for alliances to come

Who was Louis XVIII?

• Ruled France from 1815-1824

• Brother to Louis XVI

• Established a constitutional monarchy with the Constitutional Charter in 1814

• Had a two house legislature and limited suffrage

What was the Constitutional Charter of 1814?

Established a constitutional monarchy in France.

Who was Charles X?

• Brother to the Louis’s

• Ruled France from 1824-1830

• Repudiated the Constitutional Charter

• Increased censorship

• Unpopular ruler

• Forced to abdicate when Paris mob attacked in 1830

Who was Louis Phillippe?

• ruled France from 1830-1848

• “July Monarch” and “Citizen King”

• increased suffrage to 0.5%

• had a corrupt government where only bourgeois prospered

• abdicated during the February Days

Who were the groups in the Revolutions of 1848?

liberals, nationalists, and radicals (democrats and socialists)

What did the liberals want in 1848 Revolutions?

To limit church influence and state power, republic government, and economic freedoms and civil liberties.

What did nationalists want in 1848 Revolutions?

National unity.

What did democrats want in 1848 Revolutions?

Universal male suffrage.

What did socialists want in 1848 revolutions?

Worker ownership of the means of production, redistribution of wealth, higher taxes.

Why are moderates important?

The outcome often depends on which side the moderates support.

Who replaced Louis Phillippe?

Alphonse de Lamartine, making France a republic.

Who was Louis Blanc?

A French socialist whose supporters wanted major reforms and battled in the streets. He had power from February to July and established the workshops. Overthrown in July Days.

Who won France’s 1848 Presidential Election?

Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew.

What is a plebiscite?

A vote held among the people on a government policy.

How did Louis Napoleon end the Second Republic?

Used a plebiscite in 1852 to declare a Second Empire and end the Second Republic.

What did the conservatives think of Louis Phillippe?

Conservatives didn’t think Louis was legitimate.

What did the liberals think of Louis Phillippe?

Liberals didn’t think he was liberal enough.

Who was Francois Guizot?

• Louis Phillippe’s prime minister

• a conservative liberal (he wanted people to have a say in government but preferred the traditional order)

• his suppressing the advocation of republicanism led to the overthrow of Louis Phillippe and Francois Guizot

What are national workshops? What is it compared to in the US?

Louis Blanc gave unemployed workers jobs in the government-sponsored public works programs for the unemployed. Like the New Deal program in the American Revolution.

Which countries had revolutions in the mid 1800s?

France, Netherlands, German states, Italy and the Austrian Empire.

Which countries did not have a revolution in the mid 1800s?

Britain and Russia.

Who ruled Austria in the 1800s?

The Habsburgs, Clemens von Metternich.

Why did Vienna rebel?

Hungarians were sick of Austrian rule, and people were suffering in the Industrial Revolution conditions.

Why did Metternich resign?

Students and workers were protesting.

What was the outcome of the revolution in Austria?

A dual Austria-Hungary monarchy, Czechs and Italians wanting their own states.

Who led the German movement for unity?

Students demanding national unity and reform.

What did Germany’s new constitution impose?

Limited monarchy.

Who was Frederick William IV?

German/Prussian who refused the crown. He had been elected as king, but he wanted to be an absolute monarch. He said he didn’t want a crown from the government, and God had given him his power as king.

What were the long-term causes of the revolutions of 1848?

• Industrialization and rapid urbanization led to poor conditions for peasants, and skilled labor classes being challenged by factory competition

• Population doubled in the 18th century

• new ideologies: liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism

• poor harvests

What was the long-term impact of the revolutions of 1848?

Looked like conservative (old order) forced had triumphed, but conservatives had to make concessions to remain in power, and many liberal achievements remained permanent such as the abolition of serfdom. Nationalism divided more than united, eventually leading to a World War.

William I

When? Ruled 1861-1888

Who? Prussian King

What? Tried to expand military for upcoming war with Austria, Parliament refused. Appointed Otto von Bismarck to go over Parliament’s head.

“Blood and Iron”

When? 1860s

Who? Otto von Bismarck

What? “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions - that was the blunder of 1848 and 1849 - but by blood and iron”

Schleswig-Holstein

When? 1860s

Who? Provinces that belonged to Denmark but were members of the German Confederation.

What? Prussia and Austria won this territory from Denmark in war.

Hall of Mirrors

When? 1870s

Who? Prussians, Germany

What? Where William I was proclaimed the emperor of newly-unified Germany after France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. In Versailles, symbol of French strength.

Causes of Crimean War

• Breakdown of balance of power in Congress of Vienna

• Great power competition over the Middle East

• Russian desire to expand into the European Ottoman Empire

• Russian-French dispute over Christian shrines of Jerusalem

Consequences of Crimean War

• Revealed the power of modern weaponry —> anticipated US Civil War

• Russia lost 450,000 soldiers

• France, Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia beat Russia

• Showed the need for reform in Russia

• Peasant rebellion

• Led to abolishment of serfdom

Bloody Sunday

When? 1905

Who? Under Tsar Nicholas II in Russia

What? A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy. Began the Revolution of 1905.

Duma

When? 1906

Who? Created by Nicholas II

What? Russian parliament, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and conservative classes. Its creation helped suppress the revolution, but it was not a significant step away from absolute power of the tsar.

Muhammad Ali

When? Ruled Egypt 1805-1848

Who? Ottoman governor of Egypt

What? Restored order in the Islamic holy lands and conquered significant portions of Sudan. His modernizing reforms made Egypt into the most powerful state in the Eastern Mediterranean. Challenged the sultan and European powers backed the sultan and disciplined Muhammad Ali

Young Turks

When? 1900s (early)

Who? Fervent Ottoman patriots

What? Seized power in 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms. Helped pave the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in WWI.

Kulturkampf

When? 1870-1878

Who? Bismarck, supported by liberals

What? Kulturkampf initiatives aimed at making the Catholic Church subject to government control. Only had limited success in Protestant Prussia of united Germany.

Dreyfus Affair

When?1890s

Who? Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish captain in the French army

What? Falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the antisemites against Dreyfus. After Dreyfus declared innocent, French government severed all ties between the state and church. Catholic school enrollment decreased so state school enrollment increased, increasing indoctrination power.

Irish Home Rule

When? Late 1800s, early 1900s

Who? Ulster counties vs Catholic Irish

What? Britain drew up a bill to grant Ireland self-governance, but Protestant Ulster counties wanted to stay with Britain. Ulster counties created a large volunteer army. WWI halted the process of solving the issue.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

When? 1897

Who? Written by Russian secret police

What? A falsified account of a secret meeting supposedly held at the First Zionist Congress in Basel. Suggested Jewish elders planned to dominate the globe. Increased antisemitism.

Before the 1800s, when was the last time Italy was unified?

The Roman times.

Who did Metternich give power over Italy to?

Foreign rulers, specifically the Austrian Empire.