organic chemistry

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intramolecular forces and examples

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forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Covalent bonding, ionic bonding, metallic bonding

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intermolecular forces and examples

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the forces that exist between molecules. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding

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33 Terms

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intramolecular forces and examples

forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Covalent bonding, ionic bonding, metallic bonding

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intermolecular forces and examples

the forces that exist between molecules. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding

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Zaitsev's Rule

states that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the most stable

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What makes a compound aromatic

its planar and cyclic, every atom must be conjugated, the molecule must have [4n+2] pi electrons

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meso compound

a molecule that has a chiral centres but also has an internal plane of symmetry. they are optically inactive

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racemic mixture

an equimolar mixture of two pure enantiomers that is optically inactive

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hydrophobicity with examples

"water hating". molecules will repel water and will not undergo H- bonding. Organic alkyl groups -CH3, -C2H5

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Hydrophilicity with examples

"water loving". Molecules will attract water and undergo H-bonding. Hydroxyl group -OH

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Solubility of Alkenes

Density increases with increasing molecular weight. They are less dense than water = it separates out into 2 distinct layers . Alkene on top and water on the bottom

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solubility of alkenes example

Gulf of Mexico 2010, Mauritius 2020 oil spills

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4 types of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions do benzene and aromatic compounds undergo

  1. Halogenation 2. Nitration 3.Sulphonation 4. Freidel-Crafts reaction (alkylation/acylation)
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Why are benzene rings so stable?

delocalisation of its pi electrons around the ring and the overlap of its p orbitals. 6 pi electrons delocalised around the ring in the molecular orbitals above and below it.

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chiral carbon

any compound that contains a tetrahedral carbon atom with 4 different substituents attached

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Enantiomers

two stereoisomers that contain asymmetric carbon atoms. They are chiral and are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

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Diastereomers

they are not enantiomers and are not mirror images of each other

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why are low weight alcohols soluble in water

they are generally 3 carbons or less and are soluble as they can still undergo H-bonding due to their hydroxyl group

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why are high weight alcohols not soluble in water

they contain a large non-polar C backbone relative to the polar O-H group

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Nucleophile with example

molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to another molecule or ion to form a new covalent bond. HO- (minus)

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leaving group with example

group of atoms that can be expelled from a molecule, taking both electron bonds with them. They are usually anion (after it has left). CL-, Br-, I-

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Resonance Energy

the difference in energy between a stabilised resonance hybrid and its lowest energy resonance form

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how would you estimate the resonance energy of benzene

by examining the heats of hydrogenation between cyclohexane and benzene

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strongest type of intermolecular forces

hydrogen bonding

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why is hydrogen bonding the strongest

it is a particular dipole-dipole interactions, it occur between molecules containing h-bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms. it is attached to the lone pair of another molecules O,N, or F atoms

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Redox Reaction

reactions in which oxidation and reduction of a compound or molecule takes place

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example of redox reaction

sodium borohydride reduction of benzophenone

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condensation reaction

reaction in which two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of water or another small molecule

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Example of a condensation reaction

esterification reaction or saponification or formation of disaccharides

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what factors effect the Freidel-Craft Alkylation of aromatic compounds

  1. reaction is only partial with stable tertiary carbocations. 2. No reaction occurs if the aromatic ring contains strong electron withdrawing group as a substituent.
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strong electron withdrawing groups example

ketone, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, sulphonic acid, nitrogen dioxide, trifluoromethyl or trichloromethyl groups and nitro groups

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describe the mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions of haloalkanes

elimination reactions remove a halogen and H atom from a haloalkane to from a new C=C bond. The product of the reaction is an alkene

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describe the mechanism of substitution reactions of haloalkanes

remove a halogen atom from a haloalkane and replace it by a nucleophile

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Zaitsevs limitations

unsaturated haloalkane (double bond), or benzene ring. Bulky base sterically hinders b carbon

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what does b carbon have

contains smaller number of h atoms which would give the most stable product