Unit 3 APHUG Test

habit

repetitive act that a particular individual performs, like wearing jeans to class everyday

custom

repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group, like many students typically wearing jeans to class

folk culture

traditionally practiced primarily by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas

popular culture

found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habitat despite differences in other personal characteristics.

taboo

restriction of behavior imposed by laws or social customs

culture

collection of material traits, customary beliefs, and social forms that together create distinct tradition of a group

relocation diffusion

spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

expansion diffusion

the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

hierarchical diffusion

spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

contagious diffusion

rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

stimulus diffusion

spread of underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently failed to diffuse.

language

a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

centripetal force

force that tends to unify people

centrifugal force

force that tends to pull people apart

institutional language

used in education, work mass media, and government

developing language

daily use by people of all ages, children to elderly people

vigorous language

daily use by people of all ages, but it lacks a literary tradition

threatened language

used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users

dying language

still used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

literary tradition

written and spoken

language family

collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history

language branch

collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousands of years ago

language group

collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocab

official language

used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct public business

working language

designated by an international organization/corporations as its primary means of communication for daily conversation and work

franglish

mix of French and English

Spanglish

mix of Spanish and English

Denglish

mix of German and English

dialect

regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

sub dialect

subdivision of a dialect

lingua franca

a language of international communication, like English

logograms

symbols that represented words or meaningful parts of words

endangered language

children are no longer learning and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

isolated language

language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family

extinct language

language that was once used by people in daily activites but no longer in use

creole

a language that results from mixing a colonizer's language with an indigenous language of dominated people

atheism

belief that God doesn’t exist

agnosticism

belief that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproven empirically.

universalizing religions

attempt to be global, appeal to all people, not just one culture or location

ethnic religions

appeal to one ethnic or cultural group, or people from one specific region.

congregation

local assembly of people brought together for common religious worship

denomination

unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

branch

large and fundamental division within a religion

animism

belief that objects and places have spirits or gods

shamanism

healer, magic, religious leader, special powers

pilgrimage

a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred

utopian settlement

community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social groups

autonomous religions

self-sufficient

hierarchical religion

well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units

solar calendar

months that correspond to the season or the position of the sun in relation to the stars

lunar calendar

months correspond to cycle of moon phases

lunisolar calendar

lunar months that are brought into alignment with the solar year through periodic adjustment

fundamentalism

literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to what the fundamentalists define as the basic principles of a religion

caste

indicated the class or district hereditary order into which a Hindu was born, religious law

ethnicity

identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

race

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiolgical trait

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

racism

belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of particular race

racist

person who displays discrimination or feels prejudice against people of particular races

enthnic enclaves

place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

enthoburbs

suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

ethnic cleansing

purposeful policy designed by one ethnicity or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group of people from a certain area

genocide

mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.

sequent occupance

a way to describe the current cultural landscape of region as a combination of all the people which have ‘sequentially’ occupied that region from the past to the present

cultural landscape

an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social (people) and physical (environment) phenomena in a particular study area

acculturation

changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups

assimilation

a group’s cultural features altered to resemble those of another group

syncretism

combining of elements of two group’s into a new cultural feature

artifacts

ancient objects made by human beings

cultural convergence

two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase

cultural divergence

the process through which distinct cultural groups become increasingly different from one another over time

cultural homogeization

the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols

cultural relativism

practice of judging a culture by its own standards

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group

hearth

the place of origin

monotheism

religion with one god

multiculturalism

the promotion of multiple cultures within a society

polytheism

belief in many gods

secularism

the principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions, promoting a society where religious beliefs do not influence public policy or governance

toponym

a name given to a place or geographic feature, often reflecting the culture, history, or characteristics of that location