Class 8 - The Rise of the Marathas

Literary history

The historical development of writings in prose or poetry in a particular language.

Marathi

A rich and continuous literary history since the 12th century

13th century

most of Maharashtra was ruled by the Yadava dynasty
Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad) as its capital

14th century

The Yadava dynasty was overcome by the Khilji Sultanate from Delhi

translate Upaniṣhads & Bhagavad Gītā into Marathi

saints like Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Tukaram, Ramdas

17th century

some Maratha chiefs unsuccessful for sovereignty - until Shivaji rose to power

Shivaji

in 1630 born in the Bhonsle clan to Shahji and Jijabai.

Shahji

served the Deccan sultanates

Shivaji at 16

captured his first fort, Torna Fort, pune

The Bijapur Sultanate

ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty, maintained merchant ships but did not possess a fulltime naval force

Guerrilla warfare

uses small groups of people in a focused way, with speed, surprise, and knowledge of the terrain to defeat bigger armies

wrath of the Bijapur Sultanate

sent the veteran general Afzal Khan

Shivaji and Afzal Khan

one-on-one meeting at the Pratapgad fort, Shivaji killed Afzal khan with The wāgh nakh

the modern-day surgical strike

Mughal nobleman Shaista Khan camp raided by shivaji

Shivaji sacked Surat

obtained enormous treasure , 2nd time they got mentioned in London Gazette

Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh (Rajput General)

Shivaji lost at Purandar Fort, his son Sambhaji had to enter Mughal service

Shivaji at mughal Court

sent by Jai singh & put in house arrest by Aurangzeb

1674

Shivaji was coronated with full Vedic rites at fortress of Raigad
Formal title - Shri Raja Shiva Chhatrapati

dakṣhiṇa-digvijaya

led by shivaji captured Forts of Vellore and Gingee of Tamil Nadu

Shivaji forbade

the Dutch from trading slaves

The Europeans

compared him with ancient generals like Alexander

Bundela prince Chhatrasal

inspired by Shivaji he managed to create an independent kingdom of Bundelkhand

Famous Hindi poet Bhushan

specifically came to Maharashtra to meet Shivaji

Shivaji had two sons — Sambhaji and Rajaram. After Shivaji’s death, Sambhaji became the Chhatrapati.

Total Mughal control of the Deccan

Aurangzeb invaded the Deccan and conquered the Bijapur (or Adil Shahi) and Golconda (or Qutb Shahi) Sultanates

After Sambhaji

Rajaram became the Chhatrapati and fled to Gingee

Marathas led by Tarabai

Rajaram’s queen, made large-scale inroads into Mughal territories, eventually conquering large parts of India

Peshwa Bajirao I

and his son Nanasaheb Peshwa were instrumental in the pan-Indian expansion of the Marathas

3rd Panipat war

Sadashivrao Bhau Vs. Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Abdali) in which Maratha lost

Mahadji Shinde (Mahadji Scindia)

Recapture Delhi in 1771, which remained under their control till the British captured it three decades later.

Three Anglo-Maratha wars

1775–82, 1803–05, 1817–18

Nana Phadnavis

the Peshwas of marathas is credited with organising the first pan-Indian anti-British alliance

Nana Phadnavis united

with Hyder Ali of Mysore and the Nizam of Hyderabad

Shivaji minted

gold and copper coins in his own name in devanagiri script

Chhatrapatī The Sovereign King

Amātya - Finance Minister
Sumant - Minister for Foreign Affairs
Sachiv - Land Revenue Minister
Pradhān - Prime minister

The Marathas taxes

From provinces that were not directly under them
chauth (25 per cent)
sardeshmukhi (an additional 10 per cent to chauth)

Gaṇapatī-Pantapradhān rupee

minted in the early 19th century by the Patwardhans (generals under the Peshwa), features inscriptions in two scripts — Devanagari and Persian. One side is an invocation to Gaṇapati (Gaṇeśha) while the other declares loyalty to the Peshwa

The Maratha armed forces

infantry, cavalry and navy

Infantry

bārgīrs - whose horses and equipment were paid for by the state
shiledārs - whose horses and equipment were paid for by the soldiers themselves

Ramachandrapant Amatya

the finance minister of Shivaji, in his work Ādnyāpatra (The Royal Edict)

Ādnyāpatra (The Royal Edict)

Forts are the core of the state

Kanhoji Angre

A Maratha Navy admiral
called pirate by european
in 18th century guided the Marathas to victory in many naval battles

European forced

Indians to purchase their naval trade passes (cartaz in Portuguese) at a price

Shivaji’s fleet

of four sheep in 1665 reached Muscat, the capital of Oman, but got captured

Shivaji encouraged trade

even reached Mocha in Yemen, Muscat in Oman, and Malacca in Malaysia

Rājya-VyavahāraKoṣha

by shivaji with the aim of promoting the Marathi language

Tarabai

architect of the northward Maratha expansion, because Aurangzeb was in deccan platueau

Ahilyabai Holkar

a scion of the Holkar dynasty, governed the state for thirty years
restored hundreds of temples, ghats, wells, and road

Ahilyabai Holkar Rebuild

Kashi Vishwanath temple - Varanasi (was destroyed by Aurangzeb)
Somnath temple - Gujarat (was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni)
Promoting the Maheshwar weaving industry (traditional handloom craft)

The Moḍī script

a cursive form of Devanagari was the main script used by Marathas

Bhonsles of Nagpur

Revived worship of the deity Jagannath at Puri (in Odisha)

Ekoji

the half-brother of Shivaji
conquered the Thanjavur region (TN)

The Thanjavur Marathas

particularly Maharaja Serfoji II and his successors, were significant patrons of arts and literature
Tanjore Quartet - codified and structured the dance - Bharatnatyam

Serfoji II

wrote a Marathi play named Devendra Kuravanji (described world geography)
Dhanwantari Mahal - offered free treatment of diseases
printing press - the first such example in India by a native ruler

Brihadishwara temple at Thanjavur

Bhonsle family inscribed on the walls by Serfoji II
of the largest single inscriptions in Indi