common form, right handed, 10 bp/turn parallel strands, helical
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Z DNA
forms under certain conditiojns, left handed, 12 bp/ turns, bases tilted, zigzag
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DNA
DNA double stranded, deoxyribose, A-T, C-G double helix, nucleotide, stable
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RNA
single stranded, ribose, A-U C-G, hairpin, loops, buldges
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Bacterial chromosome
single and circular chromosomes in nucleoid
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How many bp long are bacterial chromosomes
million
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How many genes are in bacteria chromosomes
few thousand
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How many orgins of replicaiton do bacteria have
1
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Orgin of replication
Initiation of DNA replication
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Negative supercoiling
Creates tension used to separate DNA strands
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Control of supercoiling
DNA gyrase and DNA tooisomerase I
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Introns
intervening regions, non coding, but within coding sequence
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DNA replication
process of copying genetic material
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3 models of DNA replication
conservative, semiconservative, dispersal
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Conservative model
parental stay together after replication
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semiconservative model
after replication DNA has 1 parental and daughter strand
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dispersive model
parental and daughter DNA segments interspersed in both strands
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Where does bacterial DNA replication begin
orgin of replication
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Direction of bacterial DNA replication
bidirectional
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3 regions of origins of chromosomes replication
AT rich region
DnaA boxes
GATC methylation sites
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What regulates replication
DNA methylation
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What does DNA helices do
Unwinds DNA
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What does RNA primase do
lays down short 10-12bp RNA primer
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How many primers are in leading strand
1
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How many primers are in lagging strand
multiple
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What synthesizes DNA
DNA polymerase III
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What removes the primer and replaces it with DNA
DNA polymerase I
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What joins okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
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What repairs DNA
DNA polymerases
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What does trans lesion synthesis
DNA polymerase V
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Does DNA polymerase I proofread
yes
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Does DNA polymerase II proofread
yes
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does DNA polyermase III proofread
yes
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Does DNA polymerase IV proofread
No
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Does DNA polymerase V proofread
no
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What can DNA polymerase III not do
Carry out de novo synthesis
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DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme
10 subunits that resembles right hand with thumb between fingers
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Subunit α
\n Synthesizes DNA
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Subunit ε
3' to 5' proofreading (removes mismatches nucleotides)
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\ Subunit θ
Accessory protein that stimulates the proofreading function
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\ Subunit β
Clamp protein which allows DNA polymerase to slide along DNA without falling off
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Subunits τ, γ,δ, δ', ψ, and χ
Clamp loader complex, involved with helping the camp protein bind to the DNA
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Which direction does DNA polymerase III move in leading strand?
Towards replication fork
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\ Which direction does DNA polymerase III move in lagging strand?
Away from replication fork
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Is leading strand discontinuous synthesis or continuous synthesis?
Continuous
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Is lagging strand discontinuous synthesis or continuous synthesis?
Discontinuous
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\ Does the leading or lagging strand contain Okazaki fragments?
Lagging strand
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Primosome
DNA helices + primase (coordination of activities)
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\ Replisome
Both holoenzymes moves towards fork with the lagging strand looped. Lagging strand is released when Okazaki fragments are complete. Then the enzyme clamps on to next primer.
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\ How many termination of replication sequences per oriC?
One for each fork
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What does termination utilization substance do?
bind ter sequences which stops replication
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What does DNA ligage do in Ter
links daugher strand
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Catenanes
2 chromosomes linked together
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Decantenates
DNA gyros
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DNA polymerase makes
phosphodiester bonds
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What does polymerase processivity allow
Synthesis of very long strands
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true of false- errors in replication are rare
true
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Are mismatches more stabler or less stable
less stable
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what deos mismatches casue
distortion of helix and poor fit in active site
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how does DNA polymerase proofread
removes mismatched base w 3’ to 5’ exonucleus activity and inserts correct base
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mutation
heritable change in an organisms genetic material
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Pros of mutation
genetic variation, increased fitness, adaptations to a changing enviroment
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cons of mutation
may cause death, disease, expression
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types of mutation
changes in chromosomes number
change in chromsomes
structure, change in individual gene sequence
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types of mutations
substitution, insertion, deletion
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Point mutation
change in individual gene sequence
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substitution mutation
one base replaced by another
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insertion mutation
addition of one or many bases causes framshifts
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deletion mutation
loss of one or many bases, causes framshift
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silent mutation
change in sequence doesn’t affect protein sequence
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missense mutation
Change in sequence changes protein sequence
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Nonsense mutation
change in sequence codes for stop codon
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frameshift mutation
1 bp deletion or insertion changes protein sequence and codes for stop codon
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Promoter sequences mutation
may increase or decrease the rare of transcription
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Gene
segment of DNA that is made into protein or a functional RNA molecule
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DNA to RNA
trascription
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RNA to protein
Translation
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RNA polymerase
copies DNA sequence to RNA sequence
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DNA to mRNA
proceeds to translation to become proteins
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DNA to rRNA
associates with proteins to form ribosomes
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DNA to tRNA
adaptors used in translation
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DNA to regulatory RNA
influences transcription and translation
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Regulatory sequences
regulatory sequence bind here, influence the rate of transcription
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promoter
where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
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Termintator
Site that triggers end of transcription
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Shine Delgarno
ribosomes binding site
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Ribosomes binding site
ribosomes binds to this region of mRNA to initiate translation
Studied by 4 people
