Exam 1 - Respiratory System and Blood

supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide

together with the Cardiovascular system, what does the respiratory system do?

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of lungs

ventilation of lungs → breathing

external respiration

o₂ and CO₂ exchange between the air in the lungs and BLOOD in the capillaries

internal respiration

o₂ and CO₂ exchange between the BLOOD and the cells

O₂ ultilization and CO₂ production by cellular respiration

𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6+6𝑂2→6𝐶𝑂2+6𝐻2𝑂+Energy (ATP)

what is the formula for cellular respiration?

nose and pharynx

what structures make up the URS?

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

what structures make up the LRS?

1. nose/mouth

2. pharynx

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. r + l primary bronchi

6. lungs

7. smaller bronchi

8. bronchioles

9. alveoli

what is the pathway of air?

alveoli

small air sacs in which gaseous exchange between air and blood occurs

aka respiratory zone

conducting zone

part of the respiratory system that transports air to the lungs, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

a ear, nose, throat doctor (ENT)

What is an otorhinolaryngologist?

doctor specializing in the respiratory system (specifically the lungs)

what is a pulmonologist?

nasal and parts of the maxillae and frontal bones

what is the superior part of the external nose made of?

cartilage plates held by CT

what is the inferior part of the external nose made of?

nasal cavity

extending from the nostrils (external nares) to the nasopharynx posteriorly

nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into R and L chambers

what divides the nasal cavity?

cartilage

what is the anterior part of the nasal cavity made of?

bone - including the vomer and ethmoid

what is the posterior part of the nasal cavity made of?

• nasal septum

• nasal roof

• lateral walls

• conchae

• recesses

• nasal cavity floor

what are the parts of the nasal cavity (6)

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

What creates the nasal roof of the nasal cavity ?

the superiod, middle, and inferior conchae

What do the 3 bony projections from each lateral wall create?

recesses

what are beneath each conchae?

bondy hard palate + soft palate

what is the nasal cavity floor comprised of?

rhinoplasty

• “nose job”

• surgical procedure in which shape of external bone is altered

• can be cosmetic or to repair fractures or deviated septum

• paranasal sinuses

• nasolacrimal ducts

what two structures help with drainage into the nasal cavity?

paranasal sinuses

air spaces located in bones of skull which open into the meatuses

nasolacrimal ducts

drain tears into the nasal cavity

lining of the nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses

mucuous membrane containing a large # of mucus secreting goblet cells and ciliated cells

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium are the ciliated cells within the lining of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

1. warms the inhaled air

2. saturates inhaled air with water

3. traps small particles

4. antibacterial agents

What are the functions of the lining of the nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses?

cilia carry the particles to the pharnyx where they are removed by swallowing or coughing

what happens to the small particles after they are trapped in the lining of the nasal cavity?

protects the respiratory system from bacteria

what does trapping small particles in the nose help with?

it is specialized epithelium below the cribriform which is specialized by Cranial nerve 1 → sense of smell

What is special about the olfactory epithelium?

due to infections and allergies

Why do mucous membranes become inflamed?

1. paranasal sinuses

2. eyes

3. pharynx

what are the three ways that infections can spread from mucous membranes

• mucuos filled

• resonant voice

• increased pressure

What s/s happens to the paranasal sinuses when the mucous membranes are inflamed?

red watery eyes

What s/s happens to the eyes when the mucous membranes are inflamed?

• sore throat

• coughing

• bronchitis

• eustachian tubes (“stuffed up”)

What s/s happens to the pharynx when the mucous membranes are inflamed?

pharynx

muscular tube used by both the digestive system and the respiratory system

divided into three regions

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

nasopharynx

• continuous with the nasal cavity through the internal nares

• connects with the middle ear via the eustachian tubes on the lateral walls

tubal and pharyngeal tonsils

what two structures are included in the nasopharynx?

tubal tonsil

lymphoid tissue near the eustachian tube openings

pharyngeal tonsil

on the posterior wall well-positioned to trap airborne pathogens

causes breathing interference through the nose

What happens when the pharyngeal tonsil and adenoids become inflamed/enlarged?

due to infection

Why do the pharyngeal tonsil and adenoids become inflamed/enlarged?

frequent breathing interference that causes mouth breathing

What happens when the pharyngeal tonsil and adenoids become inflamed/enlarged chronically?

oropharynx

• continuation of the nasopharynx

• extends from the soft palate to the beginning of the laryngopharynx

• communicates with the oral cavity

air from the nasopharynx and sometimes mouth

food from the mouth

what does the oropharynx receive and from where?

stratified squamous epithelium lining

what epithelium lines the oropharnyx?

palatine

lingual tonsils

what structures do the oropharynx contain?

laryngopharnyx

• extends from the oropharynx above to the larynx (anteriorly) and the esophagus (posteriorly below

• serves as a passageway for food and air

the larynx is most anterior

which is anterior?: the trachea or the esophagus

larynx

• composed of 9 cartilages (6 paired, 3 unpaired)

• ligaments + muscles = hold cartilages together

the cartilages

What do the intrinsic muscles hold together for the larynx?

attach them to the hyoid bone

What do the extrinsic muscles hold together for the larynx?

arytenoid cartilages

corniculate cartilages

cuneiform cartilages

what are the six paired cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid

cricoid

epiglottis

What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

• formed by the joining of 2 broad plates of cartilage

• “Adams apple.”

laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

composes the adam’s apple at the anterior angle

cricoid cartilage

ring shaped

anchored to the thyroid cartilage above + trachea below

epiglottis

leaf shaped

attached to the thyroid inner surface

acts like a flap → allows air to enter larynx, blocks it during swallowing

artenoid cartilages

• most important of the pair of cartilages

• small, pyramidal, rests on the superior-posterior border of the cricoid cartilage

on the superior-posterior border of the cricoid cartilage

where does the arytenoid cartilages rest?

varying tension on the vocal cords

what does movement of the arytenoid cartilages cause?

elastic cartilage

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis composed of?

ventricular folds

aka false vocal cords

superior part of folds

vocal folds

aka true vocal cords

inferior part of folds

glottis

opening between the vocal folds + vocal folds

elastic ligaments

what are within the vocal folds?

the vocal cords vibrate and create sound

what happens when air passes through the glottis?

it changes the vocal cord vibration and therefore the pitch

what happens when you change vocal fold tension?

their vocal cords are longer + thicker, which leads to a slower vibration

why do males have deeper voices?

it interferes with the fold vibration which can lead to hoarseness

what happens when the mucous membraes covering the larynyx swell?

B) Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

External respiration refers to:
A) Gas exchange between blood and tissues
B) Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
C) Cellular respiration in mitochondria
D) Breathing rate changes

D) Lung pressure increases

During inhalation, all of the following occur EXCEPT:
A) Chest volume increases
B) Lung pressure decreases
C) Air moves into lungs
D) Lung pressure increases

B) Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

Air moves into the lungs because:
A) Air moves from low pressure to high pressure
B) Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
C) Oxygen is pulled in by the heart
D) CO₂ pushes oxygen out

B) Bound to hemoglobin

Most oxygen in the blood is transported:
A) Dissolved in plasma
B) Bound to hemoglobin
C) Attached to platelets
D) Stored in white blood cells

B) Decreases

When chest volume increases, lung pressure:
A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Stays the same
D) Becomes equal to blood pressure

B) Pressure increases and air exits

When you exhale, which happens first?
A) Pressure decreases and air enters
B) Pressure increases and air exits
C) Oxygen diffuses into blood
D) Chest volume increases

B) Decrease

If CO₂ levels rise in the blood, blood pH will:
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Stay the same
D) Become neutral automatically

pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

other than the larynyx, what else is involved in speech production (4)

Trachea

• windpipe = tube = 2.5 cm (1") in diameter + 12 cm (5") long

• extends from larynx to T(5-7) level where it divides into the R and L bronchi

from the larynx to the T_5-7 level

how far does the trachea extend too?

carina

bottom of the trachea (windpipe) where it splits into the right and left main bronchi (airways to the lungs)

series of C-shaped hyaline cartilages

what is the trachea surronded by?

prevent them from collapsing

what does the C-shaped hyaline cartilages around the trachea do?

smooth muscle fibers (trachealis muscla) + elastic connective tissue

what joins the cartilage rings together?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

what type of epithelium lines the trachea?

foreign particles + excess mucus are carried away from the lungs

cilia in the trachea beats upward → ____

decreases the amount of cillia which can lead to a persistent cough

what does smoking do to the trachea?

coughing is the only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in the lung

why does decreased cilia from smoking lead to a persistent cough?

tracheotomy

creating a stoma b/t cartilage rings to establish an airway

intubation

tube is placed into trachea to keep the airway open and prevent collapsing

incomplete cartilage rings

what are the walls of the primary bronchi made of?

the right bronchi because it has 3 lobes

which bronchi is more vertical and why?

disease or infection!!!

What is the widening of the trachea carina a sign of?

The cartilage rings become smaller

what happens as the primary branch into the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

tertiary bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

after the tertiary bronchi, what structures does furthur branching involve in order?

no cartilage

surrounded by smooth muscle

What are the walls of the bronchioles like?