EXAM 2 - part 4

what is the primary tissue of the trachea

cartilaginous rings

what is the primary tissue of the main bronchus

cartilaginous rings

what is the primary tissue of the lobar bronchi

cartilaginous plates

what is the primary tissue of the segmental bronchi? what exists if inflammation in these tissues

smooth muscle, bronchitis

what is the primary tissue of bronchioles? what exists if inflammation?

smooth muscle, bronchiolitis

what is the primary tissue of alveoli? what exists if inflammation

membrane, pneumonia

the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses are formed from fibers of the ______

vagus, sympathetic trunk (T2-T5)

sympathetic activation of pulmonary plexuses causes what? parasympathetic causes what?

bronchial dilation and vasoconstriction

bronchial constriction and vasodilation

extrinsic asthma is triggered by

allergens

intrinsic asthma is triggered by

stress, cold, or exercise

asthmas has been associated with ____ subluxations

upper thoracic

t/f

the lungs and tracheobronchial tree are rich with lympahtics

true

respiratory epithelium is ciliated and thus functions in

mucociliary clearance

term for lung cancer, spreads very easily, directly related to cigarette smoking and air pollution

bronchogenic carcinoma

lung cancer may affect what nerves

phrenic, recurrent laryngel

intrathoracic diseases such as bronchogenic carcinoma or lung infections may refer pain to the ___ or ___ cord segments

upper, middle thoracic

t/f

the diaphragm has a right and left dome and the right dome is slightly higher than the left dome

true

what does the right lobe of the diaphragm overlie

liver

what are the 3 points of origin of the muscular part of the diaphragm

sternal - xiphoid process

costal - lower 6 costal cart.

lumbar - L1-3, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

what level is the caval opening of the diaphragm located

T8

what level is the esophageal hiatus located

T10

what level is the aortic hiatus located

T12

what arteries supply the diaphragm (SIMP)

superior phrenic, inferior phrenic, musculophrenic, pericardiacophrenic arteries

what nerve is motor to the diaphragm as a whole but sensory to central part

phrenic nerve

what nerve of the diaphragm is sensory to the peripheral part

intercostal nerve

FIB

what is caused due to weakness in the diaphragmatic wall around the esophageal hiatus allowing the stomach to slide up into the thoracic cavity through the opening

hiatal hernia

what does the intrathoracic volume do during inspiration? pressure?

increase, decrease

what does the intrathoracic volume do during expiration? pressure?

decrease, increase

what are the 3 movements which occur during inspiration which result in increased volume and decreased pressure

piston movement

bucket handle movement

pump handle movement

this describes which diaphragmatic movement?

the diaphragm contracts, it pull the domes inferiorly into the abdomen resulting in increased vertical diameter of the thorax

piston movement

this describes which diaphragmatic movement?

elevation of lower ribs about an anteroposterior axis resultingin increase in transverse diameter of thorax

bucket handle movement

this describes which diaphragmatic movement?

elevation of upper ribs about a transverse axis resulting in increase anteroposterior diameter of the thorax

pump handle movement

elevation of the ribs during the bucket handle and pump handle movement is dues to contraction of what muscles

external intercostal muscles

why are there so many muscles aiding in forced expiration

coughing, sneezing, clearing airway

weakening can cause death

T/F

intrabdominal volume and pressure is opposite of that of intrathoracic volume and pressure in both inspiration and expiration

true

what are a result of a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm

hiccups

what are morbid underlying causes of hiccups

brain lesion, pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis

what acts as a cardiac seatbelt and functions to maintain the position of the hear

fibrous pericardium

what layer of serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium

visceral layer

the myocardium is composed of ___ fibers

cardiac muscle

the endocardium is composed of ___

smooth endothelium

what results from fluid leaking into the pericardial cavity ths compressing the heart and impairing venous return

cardiac tamponade

what is particularly vulnerable during cardiac tamponade

superior vena cava

what becomes prominent when a patient has cardiac temponade

external jugular vein