Unit 8: Topic 8.5 Decolonization/Independence Movements of the 20th Century (Colony and Colonizer)

India and Pakistan (Great Britain) Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

-Mohandas Gandhi
-Hindus
-Muslims: Muslim League 1906
-Indian National Congress

Ghana (Great Britain) Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

-Kwame Nkrumah
-United Nations
-American and British abolitionists
-Organization of African Unity in 1963

India and Pakistan (Great Britain)Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

-The Royal Indian Navy Revolt in 1946
-negotiate peace
-Muslims invade Hindu lands

India and Pakistan (Great Britain)Legacy and Outcomes

-India and Pakistan gained independence on 1947

Ghana (Great Britain) Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

-1964 Nkrumah claimed dictatorial powers when voters agreed on Egypta one-party state
-Pan-Africanism
-Peaceful negotiations
-military coup overthrew Nkrumah's government

Ghana (Great Britain)Legacy and Outcomes

-2000 Ghana witnessed a peaceful transfer of civilian power to elected officials

Algeria(France)Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

-French government
-National Liberation Front (FLN)
-French PreCharles de Gaulle
-French communist party
-French National Assembly
-President Abdelaziz Bouteflikz in 1999

Algeria(France) Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

-Political protests
-restrictive laws and violence
-Algerian War for independence 1954
-Guerilla warfare
-Turmoil in France
-Algerian Civil War 1991

Algeria(France) Legacy and Outcomes

-Military state of emergency was lifted 2011

Vietnam (France) Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

-Ho Chi Minh- communist leader in North Vietnam
-France
-Viet Cong (communist supporters)
-American military
-President Richard Nixon

Vietnam (France) Legacy and Outcomes

-2 million deaths
-Vietnam and US trade diplomatically

Vietnam (France) Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

-Vietnamese War of independence lasted until 1954
-French attempt at reestablishing the colonial rule
-Americans withdraw troops 1971-1975

Egypt (Great Britain) Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

-Independence from the Ottomans in 1922
- Britain
-Gamal Abdel Nasser and Muhammad Naguib founding member of the Arabian League and established the Republic of Egypt
- French and British with Canal
- US and SU vs British and French by using UN to generate a solution

Egypt (Great Britain) Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

- Anglo- Egyptian Treaty 1936
-Pan- Arabianism
-The Suez Crisis 1859-1869 (Us and SU vs France and Britain by using UN to broker agreement)
- peaceful compromise

Egypt (Great Britain) Legacy and Outcomes

-Removal of foreign troops
- the canal becomes an international waterway
- UN deploys "peacekeepers"

Nigeria (Great Britain) Leaders, nationalists parties, organizations

- British vs west africans
- west africans( Igbos) vs Hausa-Fulani( Islamic Group)

Nigeria (Great Britain) Major events and methods of decolonization (violent/non-violent, etc.)

- Biafran Civil War 1967
-various military coupes
- 1999 election of Olusegun Obasanjo over the fourth republic of Nigeria
- Consitution of Nigeria- legal system of secular law and shariah

Nigeria (Great Britain) Legacy and Outcomes

- independence in 1960 from Britain
- Niger River Delta conflicts
- The national government exploited oil resources
-oil companies polluated lands
- protest against oil wells and pipelines (fire)