Biology B - 2nd tri - Final exam review

On the Origin of Species

What is the name of Darwin’s book published in 1859? __________________________________

Economist, Argued populations grow exponentially, Resources grow linearly, if human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough resources

Describe the work of Malthus

Suggested Geological processes happen slowly over time like, showed Earth must be older than we realized to give evolution time to occur

Describe the work of Hutton

Expanded on Hutton’s idea, showed Earth’s layers/ surface changes over millions of years

Describe the work of Lyell

Many species and their geographic locations

Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after observing many _______________ and their __________________locations.

Hutton and Lyell

Who proposed how rock layers form and change over time? ___________________________

Evidence for evolution

Darwin viewed the fossil record as _______________________________________________

said that organisms had a tendency towards perfection. Said that individuals can pass down traits that they acquired during their lifetime to their offspring (inheritance of acquired traits), this was wrong!

Describe the parts of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

Artificial Selection

man-made process of choosing specific organisms to breed with each other to make offspring with a desirable trait

Natural Selection

Organisms with best suited traits for the environment survive and reproduce

Fitness (Biological)

How well and organism has the ability to survive, reproduce, and pass on it’s genes in a specific environment

Survival of the Fittest

individuals with the most fit traits for that environment will survive and reproduce, passing those fit traits onto their offspring

Homologous Structures

body parts of an organism that are similar in position and structure but different in function

Directional Selection

Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at the other end

Stabilizing Selection

Individuals in the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals on either side of the curve

Temporal isolation

2 or more species reproduce at different times

Gene pool

A total collection of all genes/alleles in a population

Taxonomy

A branch of science where living organisms are classified and given a universally accepted name

Binomial nomenclature

Two name - naming system created by Carolus Linneaus

50%

If an allele makes up one half of a population’s alleles for a given trait its relative frequency is _________

Mutations and Gene pools

The two main sources of genetic variation are ______________________ and ___________________

Genus and species

What two parts are used for scientific names?

To avoid confusion, its universal

Why do we need to have a naming system?

Capillaries

What blood vessel is the smallest? ____________________________________________

Nasal Cavity

Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the ____________.

Diaphragm

Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the ________________.

Sweat, Tears, Urine

What are three ways the body loses water?

Produce enzymes that help break down proteins and neutralize acidic chyme

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

Mouth

Where does chemical digestion begin?______________ Mechanical digestion? _______________

Large Intestine

Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum? ________________________________

Filters and removes metabolic waste, filters blood, removes waste and excess water

How does the excretory system help maintain homeostasis?

Cell-Mediated response where killer t-cells kill off infected body cells and Humoral immune response where b-cells remember pathogens and how to fight against them

What are some examples of an immune system response to attack a specific pathogen?

Right side to lungs to left side to rest of body

The flow of blood goes from the: ___________ side of the heart ( lungs ( _____________ side of the heart ( all other systems except the lungs

cells, tissue, organs, organ system

What is the order from the simplest to the most complex for the levels of organization in the human body? ______________ ( _________________ ( _________________ ( ______________________

Kidney

What structure removes excess water, urea, and metabolic wastes from the blood? ______________

sweat, mucus, saliva, skin, and tears

The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include: _________________, mucus, ___________________, ____________________ and tears.

Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics over time as they evolve. They figure out how to defeat the medicine designed to kill them. caused by overuse and misuse

What is antibiotic resistance and how can it be caused?

Nucleus

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a ____________.

Digestion, Decomposition, Making food, making antibiotics

What are four ways humans benefit from bacteria?

Decomposing things, making food, photosynthesis, nutrient recycling

Describe some roles of bacteria in the environment.

Skin (most important), sweat, tears, mucus, saliva

List the body’s nonspecific defenses. Which is the most important?

Pathogen

any organisms or agent that can produce disease

Antibiotics

medicine that blocks growth and reproduction of bacteria

Inflammatory Response

Your immune system’s response to fighting a pathogen, the body’s innate immune response to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Autoimmune disease

Body can’t recognize cells from “self“ and “non-self“ so it attacks your own body cells

Immunity

developed resistance to a specific disease

Binary Fission

Bacteria doubles in size the splits in half, reproduce asexually

core of DNA, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

What are the parts of a virus?

a core of RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

What are the parts of a retrovirus?

exposure, breast milk, vaccines

How can immunity be acquired?

bodily fluids, sexual transmission-typically

How does HIV spread?

Kidney

Filters blood by removing waste, excess water, and other metabolic wastes

Minerals

Assists in many bodily functions, Primarily building strong bones and teeth, Do NOT provide energy for the body, All are inorganic (we need to ingest them), ex: sodium, potassium, and calcium

Nutrients

Substances needed for bodily growth, repair, and energy, Most come from the food we eat

Esophagus

long tube that connects you pharynx and stomach, muscles move food through it using muscle contractions called peristalsis

Pancreas

Produces enzymes that help break down proteins and neutralizes acidic chyme

Diaphragm

Large muscle that contracts/expands to bring air in/out of the body

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessel, Used to transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems, Can carry oxygenated blood OR deoxygenated blood

Pharynx

Passageway for food and air

Larynx

Your “Voice Box”, Creates sound through vibrations that give you your voice

Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base

What are the three parts of a nucleotide of DNA?

Chargaff’s rule

C=G A=T

10%

If guanine makes up 40% of a DNA sample, how much adenine would you find? ___________________________________

it contains half of the original strand

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. What is the relationship between the parent DNA and daughter DNA? _________________________________________________________

Different Sugar, Uracil instead of Adenine, RNA is single-stranded

How are DNA and RNA different

mRNA - carries DNA info, tRNA - brings required amino acids, rRNA - puts the amino acids together to make a protein

Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?

DNA is translated into mRNA; mRNA is produced

Define Transcription. What is produced during transcription? __________________________

mRNA is coded into amino acids which is then brought to the ribosome to be made into a protein by tRNA

Define Translation

a genetic inheritance pattern where two different alleles for a gene are both fully and simultaneously expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype

Define codominance and know an example.

Relationship in a family, used to observe how a trait is passed down from generation to generation

What does a pedigree show?

Square;Circle

What symbol represents a male? Female?

a visual representation of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in a specific way, shows any disorders

What does a karyotype show?

46 - 23 pairs

How many chromosomes in a normal human karyotype?

DNA replication

DNA is copied in a process called ________________________________

Nucleus

In eukaryotes DNA is found in the ______________________________

tRNA

Which RNA molecule carries amino acids? _________________________

proteins

Genes contain instructions for assembling___________________________

genetic mutation in the HBB gene that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), resulting in inherited, crescent-shaped red blood cells. It is an autosomal recessive

Sickle cell disease is caused by a ___________________________________

sex chromosomes

Sex-linked genes are located on ______________.

It is a X-linked disorder so since men only have 1 X they are less protected than females

Why is colorblindness more common in males?

chyme

The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called _________________

primary executors of genetic information, responsible for interpreting, maintaining, and acting upon the instructions stored in DNA

What is the function of proteins?

Amino Acids

What are the monomers of proteins? ____________________

Vector, Water, food, blood, sexual, contact, air

List the ways infectious diseases are spread.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are the seven taxonomic groups? List in order from broadest to most narrow.

Spirillum, Coccus, Bacillus

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria