Immunology Introduction

Commensalism

Commensalism

________: one of the organisms benefits without harming the other.

Virulence

________: measure the quantitative ability of pathogen to cause disease.

Endotoxin

________ produces gram negative-) (on its cell wall.

Pathogenicity

________: the ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.

Exotoxin

________: produces gram positive (+)

immune response

Substances when mixed with an antigen before its administration will increase the ________ to that antigen.

Immunogens

________: any foreign substances which can stimulate immune response.

Parasitism

________: one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

Mutualism

________: both organisms benefit

Biological transmission

________: via bites and blood.

Mechanical transmission

________: via simple contact.

Vertical transmission

________: pathogen can cross the placenta, transmission during birth (post natal)

Opportunistic bacteria

________: when commensal bacteria cause disease, if hosts defense decreased or if it changes its habitat.

Animal

________: zoonosis (diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals, and can be transmitted to humans (e.g rabies))

Pathogenic organism

________: the organism able to produce disease.

Saprophytoc bacteria

live free in nature, do not cause disease

Sub-clinical or silent infection

infection without manifest clinical disease

Clinical disease

signs and symptoms

Nonliving Reservoirs

soil, water

Anti-phagocytic factors

factors that prevent phagocytosis

Haptens (Incomplete antigen)

low molecular weight substances not capable of inducing an immune response

Epitopes (Antigenic determinants)

part on antigen that bind with antibody or immune cell receptors

Blood group antigens

A, B and D

Histocompatibility antigens

glycoprotein on membranes of tissue cells

MHC I

present on all nucleated cells and APCs

MHC II

present on antigen presenting cells (APCs)