IDS2935 Future of Energy - Exam 1

Installed Capacity

max amount of energy a source can produce.

Capacity Factor

= Actual production/ Max Production
- varies with the type of power plant
- lowest for renewables, and highest for nuclear

Energy vs Electricity

energy- applied work that takes on forms of heat, motion, electricity, and more.
electricity- one of the many forms of energy. ( a secondary energy source)

Energy Intensity

= Total Energy Consumption / GDP
- how energy efficient a country's economy is.
- measured in koe/$15p (kg oil equivalent per USD)

Energy/Electricity mix/profile

the primary sources of energy that together supply a nation/ region's energy needs.

Natural Gas

- #1 source of energy production in U.S.
- sourced mainly from: Texas, Pennsylvania
- cleaner than oil and coal
- non-renewable and a fossil fuel
- used for heating, cars, and electricity

Coal

- #2 source of energy production in U.S.
- sourced mainly from: Colorado, App. Mountains, and Wyoming
- accessed through underground and surface mining
- first fossil fuel to be used at a large scale
- US has largest coal reserves in the world (exporter)
- most polluting

Nuclear

- #3 source of energy production in U.S.
- sourced mainly from: Illinois, Pennsylvania, and SC
- largest plant in US: Palo Verde, AZ
- largest plant in world: Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, Japan
- not a fossil fuel, not renewable
- process of nuclear fission releases heat
- Accidents: 3 mile island Harrisburg, Fukushima, Chernobyl

Renewable Energy

- #3/4 source of energy production in U.S.
-includes wind, solar, biofuels, geothermal, and hydropower
- hydropower -oldest source (the Grand Coulee Dam in WA is the largest plant in the US) needs rain, rivers, and dams
- solar needs sun and flat land (AZ, Nevada, CA)
- wind is the main source of renewable energy in the US, needs space and a windy region. (Great Plains)
- geothermal is least used and energy harnessed from geysers and thermal currents. (CA, Yellowstone)

Oil

- #5 source of energy production in U.S.
- sourced mainly from Kentucky, Texas, Gulf of Mexico
- mainly used for transportation not really electricity
- imported by the US.

US Energy independent?

Yes: Since 2019 the US produces more energy than it consumes
No: The US exports natural gas, coal, and petroleum but imports crude oil for transportation

HDI (Human Development Index)

a measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education. this measure increases as per capita electricity consumption increases

GNI (Gross National Income)

= GDP + income from abroad

Historical Energy Consumption

Organized by E. Cook (1971)

Primitive Period

- 1 million B.C.
- only source of energy consumed in this period was food.

Hunting Period

- 100,000 B.C.
- firewood was first source of energy for consumption in a residential setting
- fire provided light, heat, and the ability to cook.

Primitive Agricultural Period

- 5,000 B.C.
- characterized by domestication of animals
- animals were used to grow crops and cultivate their fields.

Advanced Agricultural Period

- 1400
- people learned to use coal and built machines to harvest wind and water
- wind for sailing ships, water to drive mills, wood and coal for heat

Industrial Period

- 1875
- characterized by steam engine (heat to mech. energy)
- wood first source of energy for steam generation (eventually replaced by coal in industrialized nations)
- coal was used for large transportation like ships.
- oil was more fluid just needed a compatible machine for energy conversion.

Technological Period

-1970
- development of internal combustion engines and applications of energy

Alessandro Volta

invented the battery in 1800 and proved that electricity can be produced chemically.

Michael Faraday

created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo.
-the first one to realize that an electric current could be produced by passing a magnet through a copper wire.

Thomas Edison

american inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Nikola Tesla

invented the alternating current (AC current) for electricity.

Sustainable Development

-development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- term coined by Gro Harlem Brundtland

Three Pillars of Sustainability

social
- fair and livable
environmental
- livable and viable
economic
- fair and viable

Goal 7 (SDG) - Remember any one of the targets

7.1- By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

7.2- By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

7.3- By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

Environmental Sustainability

earth's environmental systems are kept in balance while natural resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves.

Economic Sustainability

economic systems are intact and activities are available to everyone, such as secure sources of livelihood.

Social Sustainability

universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to enough resources in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure.

International standard unit of energy

Joules

International Standard unit of power

Watts

Power

the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed

Joule

Newton x meter

Watt

Joules / sec

BTU (British Thermal Unit)

amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 °F

Capacity vs. Generation

capacity- how much power a power plant can put out
generation- how much energy a power plant actually produces.

Law of conservation of energy

the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.

Barrels

oil reserves are usually measured in barrels abbreviated "bbl." sometimes barrels are given as barrels of oil equivalent (boe) if oil mixed with natural gas liquids.

Calorie

amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

most common measure of electrical energy, and represents 1,000 watt-hours (Wh).

Mcf

natural gas production is often measured volumetrically in cubic feet (cf).

Therm

natural gas is often represented on utility bills in (th or thm)

Toe and MToe

often used to measure coal, or to compare different fuels, these units stand for "tonnes of oil equivalent" and "million tonnes of oil equivalent,"

Tonne

coal is often measured by this unit, which are equivalent to 2204.62 pounds.