Purposive Communication Exam Reviewer

Communication

People exchange informations

Human Activity and connection

Essential ———— that promotes

Understood and Receive Response

Communication is Successful if ———and——-

Language

It is Used by general population 

Dialect

 Derived from language and Spoken by smaller population

Communicative Competence

use of language effectively(clear,proper, appropriate) in different and appropriate settings/situations.

Noam Chomsky

 He use grammatical competence

Dell Hymes

He used grammatical structures

Audience, Purpose, Context

Language will depend on these factors

Socio-Linguistic, Linguistic, Discourse, Strategic,

The Four Communicative Competence

Socio-Linguistic Competence

Understanding Social rules, norms, cultural rules

Linguistic Competence

Also known as Grammatical Competence ';Punctuation, grammar, spelling 

Discourse Competence

How clear you organize sentence/ statement

Strategic Competence

Ability to overcome language gap. Enhance communication breakdown. Repair communication breakdown

Verbal

use of language/words

Diction

how to pronounce

Denotation

literal meaning ( from dictionary)

Quotation

Figurative meaning of a word

Slang

 Informal and  Can only be understand by certain people(who made it)

Jargon

Formal/Technical words ( used by professionals)

Double Speak

Distort truth/reality and Used negatively 

Euphemism

hide truth that use positive words

Kinesics, Oculesics, Paralanguage, Haptics, Proxemics, Haptics, Chronemics, Physical Appearance

Seven Components of Non-Verbal Communication

Kinesics

study of body language, movements, facial expressions, posture

Oculesics

Message sent using eyes .Eye contact

Paralanguage

Tone, pitch, volume, rate, pause. How we deliver the message

Haptics

Touch. Most intimate component of non-verbal communication

Proxemics

 Space/ spacial. public, social(friends), intimate(personal)

Chronemics

Time. use /study of time

Personal Appearance

Use of  accessories, artifacts, personal image are judged by others 

Hargie

“Communication is a process that involves an interchange of verbal and/or nonverbal messages within a continuous and dynamic sequence of events”

Communication

a continuous process. its beginning and ending are indeterminable-- product of a previous communication process and continues to another communication situation.

Sender, Message, Receiver, Channel, Noise, Feedback

Elements of Communication

Sender

Initiator or source of information

Message

Conveyed by sender, Information displayed portrayed

Channel

Mode of delivery of information “MEDIUM”

Receiver

Decoder of Information. the one who understand or interpret the information

Feedback

Reply or Response. Indicates that the message was received

Noise

Barrier that Hinders Communication

internal Barrier

Occur between the sender or the receiver. Our thoughts, emotions, physical, or state of mind that hinder.

External Barrier

Noise in the environment that hinders communication

Communication Environment

The setting and the context that influences all other elements

Cognitive Process Communication

happens in the mind

Encoding

Done by the sender. Translate ideas into symbol/word

Decoding

Done by the receiver. Interpret words into ideas

Transmission Model of Communication

One- way Communication

- Linear and Speaker-Oriented

- It is uncertain whether the message isreceived by the hearer/audience

- The roles of the sender and receiver are definite.

Interaction model of Communication

- Two-way Communication

- Cyclical instead of linear

- There could be certainty with regard to “receiving” the message

because of feedback

- The sender and receiver alternate roles in the process.

- Noise may also occur in any part of the process.

Transactional Model of Communication

- Two-way Communication

- There could be certainty with regard to “receiving” the message because of

feedback

- The sender is simultaneously the receiver and vice versa.

- Noise may occur in any part of the process

- Takes into account physical, psychological, relational, social, and cultural context

in the creation of meaning.

The Rhetorical Triangle

Is essentially a method to organize and distinguish the three elements of rhetoric.

Rhetorics

arts of speaking

Speaker (Ethos)

In the rhetorical Triangle, it is the speaker credibility

Ethos

Speaker (——) (Rhetorical Triangle)

Audience(Pathos)

In the Rhetorical Triangle, It is the audience or the emotions

Message (Logos)

In the Rhetorical Triangle, it is the primary tool of speaker to elicit information

Audience, Purpose, Context

3 OTHER FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Audience

to whom the message/topic is addressed.

Context

it is the condition that shape the contents of the message. such as significant period, or the sender’s background and experiences.

Purpose

It is a concrete set of objectives or reasons for addressing a specific audience in a given context.

Completeness, Concreteness, Correctness, Courtesy, Clarity, Consideration, Conciseness, Credibility, Credibility, Creativity

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

Completeness

When communicating, one must make sure that the content of the message is complete. We should give all the necessary information, steps, or elements if we want to get the substantial and satisfactory feedback that we want or need.

Concreteness

When communicating, the message should appeal to the receiver's perception of the world. We should phrase our message in a way that the receiver could relate our message to reality, and avoid abstract words that could be challenging to understand and can be interpreted in various ways. We ought to use language that is specific, clear, and vivid rather than general terms.

Courtesy

is observing and practicing respect and pleasant behaviors in expressing ourselves. We should be mindful of our language use, particularly our word choice and non-verbal cues. We should be aware that people are unique and are from diverse cultural backgrounds, in such a way that one simple gesture may be acceptable to some, but rude for the other.

Correctness

We owe it to the people we communicate with to tell the truth and convey correct information. In terms of the content of our message, we should make sure that it is void of errors, and that it is from a reliable and credible source. In terms of structure, our message should be void of grammatical errors and errors in mechanics.

Clarity

A good communication is void of confusion and ambiguous information. The message should be unequivocal or only understood in one way and not open to various interpretation and understanding. This could be achieved by using a language that is characterized by explicitness, short sentences, and concrete words.

Consideration

It is taking into account important information about your audience/receiver. Being aware of their point of view, educational and cultural background, beliefs, religion, even their current disposition. This would help one craft his/her message more appropriately, inclusively, and without offending anyone in the process. You may choose your words and content based on your audience's needs.

Conciseness

- It is avoiding being wordy and verbose. It is communicating directly and straightforwardly without compromising the completeness of the message. This can be achieved by avoiding unnecessary details, or superfluous words that do not support the clarity of your message, and also makes your message ambiguous.

Credibility

This pertains to the speaker's believability, trustworthiness, and objectivity.
Establishing your credibility in communication entails that you provide only factual and verifiable information, that your message is not merely based on unfounded opinions or from questionable sources.

Creativity

This pertains to having the ability to shape your message and delivery in a manner that would catch and sustain your audience's attention. It is important that you craft your message in a thought-provoking and stimulating manner so you can easily connect with your audience and they could easily absorb and understand your message. This also maybe in the form or having interesting visual aids or the use of descriptive and vivid words, to avoid a dull and impersonal message.

Language register

refers to the style and degrees of formality that we use depending on our communication contexts.

Frozen Register

the use of language is fixed and never changes. In other words, the language used is often of a standard variety.

Formal Register

is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger.

Informal Register

also called as casual or intimate, is conversational or appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.

Neutral/Consultative Register

non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most appropriate for technical writing.

Intimate Register

This is the language used between persons who share a close relationship or bond. This register would take into account certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose meaning is shared with a small subset of persons.

Ethics

is a recognized branch of philosophy that generally refers to the concepts and standards of right and wrong behaviours prescribe to humans as regulated and governed by moral principles.

Ethics

is the analysis of what actually the best course of action: how should we behave to have the most positive impact upon society and to become the best individuals we can?

Ethical Communication

is observing honesty, integrity, clarity, and courtesy in the manner of conveying one’s ideas, desires, thoughts, and feelings.

Ethical Communication

It applying the principles of communication for a more informed and thoughtful decision-making and responsible thinking.

Ethical Communication

It is communicating with no intent to harm another; it is being careful, attentive, and inclusive through word choice and tone. It is looking at differences as a way to understand each other and what matters to us”.

Ethical Communicators are Respectful of/to Their Audience, Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of Their Communication. Ethical Communicators Respect Truth, Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly, Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.

TIPS AND GUIDES FOR AN ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

Globalization

It is a term that describes how and why the world continues to evolve in the ways that it does. It refers to the processes through which local and regional ideas, products, and practices are transformed into worldwide ideas, products, and processes

Transformation

Changes For good

Interconnectedness

Multiple connections between connections

Interconnectedness

Internal Connections with other countries

Transnational Exchange

Huge chunk of one’s culture

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of one’s culture

Centralized

A characteristic of First media Age where One speaks to many. User can control what to broadcast

Decentralized

A characteristic of Second media age where Many speaks to many

Ingram

According to ——-, Today, people need to understand the dynamics of long-distance collaboration, the impact of culture on manners of speaking and body language.

Virtual Interactions, Cultural Awareness in Speech, Cultural Awareness in Body Language, Time Differences

The four developing communication skills according to ingram

Connectivity, Convergence, Interactivity

Today’s manner of Communication is characterized by

Connectivity

Digital Natives

Convergence

Emerge and Overlaps. Face to Face communication overlaps with technology.

Interactivity

Ability to communicate with the world

Interactivity

Ability to multitask with the use of technology

Misinformation

Incorrect information without specific malicious intent

Disinformation

False information which is deliberately intend to mislead