other endocrine organs, hormones and targets

Pancreatic islets

contain clusters of endocrine cells

Alpha cells

secrete glucagon

Beta cells

secrete insulin

normal range of glucose in the blood

70-110mg

high levels of blood glucose cause

damage blood vessels and kidneys

low levels of blood glucose cause

lethargy, mental and physical impairment, death

acini cells of the pancreas

generate exocrine secretions for digestion

diabetes mellitus

inadequate uptake of glucose from the blood, causing elevated blood sugar and damaging blood vessels. can cause necrosis and death of tissues.

type 1 diabetes

absent of diminished release of insulin from the pancreas. mostly occurs in children and young adults

type 2 diabetes

decreased insulin release/effectiveness. caused by obesity and lifestyle choices.

MODY (Mature onset of diabetes of the youth)

type 2 diabetes but onsets in children. caused by mutations that alter insulin.

Gestational diabetes

diabetes caused by pregnancy.

Hypoglycemia

glucose levels between 60mg/DL. caused by insulin overdose. can cause death

glucagon

raises blood glucose levels

insulin is secreted by

beta cells

glucagon is secreted by

alpha cells

melatonin is secreted by the

pineal gland

melatonin

causes drowsiness, regulates circadian rhythm

parathyroid glands

small structures on the thyroid gland

the parathyroid glands

detect the levels of calcium in the blood stream

chief cells

make parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH increases blood calcium by

stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. activates calcitrol hormone

thymus - thymic hormones

maturation site for T-lymphocyte white blood cells.

Heart - atrial natriuretic peptide

lowers blood pressure

Kidney - erythropoitein

secretes in response to low blood oxygen level. causes increased red blood cell production

Liver - IGF1 and angiotensinogen

helps raise blood pressure when it starts to fall.

stomach - gastrin

increases the rate of secretion and motility in stomach for digestion.

small intestine - secretin and cholecystokinin

causes the release of bile from the galbladder and pancreatic juice.

adipose - leptin

controls appetite by binding to neurons in hypothalamus.

as we age our amounts of normal hormones …

decrease, and our endocrine function reduces.