AS Level Travel and Tourism

all

what is the tt industry made up of

all the businesses that provide for the needs of tourist customers

why is the tt industry changing

because of changing customer needs and wants

changes in customer demand have led to…

rowth in sustainable tt e.g. chazal ecotourism [read in book]

customer needs:

the basic human requirements of a customer e.g. food, clothing, shelter, safety, sense of belonging and self esteem

customer wants:

customer preferences e.g. type of hotel they want to stay in/restaurant visit

destinations:

areas that attract visitors

customer demand:

how willing and able a customer is to purchase particular products and services

sustainable travel and tourism:

visiting places in ways that help sustain or conserve the environment and how people live

the changing nature of tt industry include changes to:

reasons people travel, types of tourism available, structure of travel and tourism industry

pandemic:

serious outbreak of disease across the world

what factors increase no. people willing to travel

increased availability of transport, longer holidays from work/study, increased affordability

what factors limit no. people willing to travel

disease, natural disasters, war or terrorism

what reasons do tourists travel to destinations:

leisure, on business, vfr, medical, religious

leisure travel:

travel for pleasure and enjoyment e.g. holidays

what are leisure tourists doing:

visit destination during their free time for relaxation and fun e.g. to see attraction, do activities and take a break from usual daily routine.

reasons for leisure travel:

nature and adventure, sport, special interest, sightseeing, culture, health and wellbeing

leisure involves:

activities that people do when they are not working/sleeping/schooling/errands.

example of relaxation and fun leisure:

beach holiday w/ sunbathing, picnics, swimming etc.

nature tourism:

involves visiting places because of the appeal of the natural environment. any form of travel focusing ona natural area/natural tourist feature e.g. mountain/lake visits

what do nature tourists enjoy:

seeing wildlife, hiking/trekking, rafting, climbing etc.

sport tourism:

involves visiting places to enjoy sport as a participant, competitor, spectator. e.g. skiing/watching sport

how can sports tourism be health tourism

both help with one's wellbeing

spa tourism:

type of health and wellbeing tourism where tourists are attracted to natural springs/buidlings where they can go for treatments. e.g. massages and beauty treatments or organised exercise/diet residential stays.

other physical health tourism =

jogging, walking outdoors, swimming.

culture:

the way of life of people, the traditions, the art and architecture of a place.

why is culture a reason for leisure tourism:

people enjoy experiencing new cultures. seeing and experiencing the traditional lifestyle of locals and visiting cultural attractions

cultural attraction:

a site that appeals ot tourists bc of links with the past/present ways of life/traditions of the local people e.g. museums/art galleries/theatres/historic sites/ruins/architectural sites.

why do leisure tourists choose a cultural destination:

because of the famous/beautiful sights they can see/photograph that may be natural e.g. waterfall/coast or built e.g. monument.

why has social media added to popularity of sightseeing tourism

people can share selfies instantly w friends and folloewrs

special interest tourists:

want to enjoy themselves through a special interest/hobby/pasttime e.g. painting/cooking classes.

business tourists/mice:

people travelling for work related purposes.

MICE [reasons a business tourist travels]:

meetings w colleagues/customers. incentive rewards for excellent work performance. conference/convention attendance. exhibition/trade event visiting.

MICE tourism:

meetings, incentives, conferences, event tourism = business tourism

conference:

large event where many ppl meet together sometimes for a few days to present or listen to talks/discuss travel industry business formally

convention:

large event where many people who do a similar job or have a similar business, e.g. travel agents meeting to share iedas

exhibition:

event where travel and tourism organisations show their products and services to ppl e.g. tour operators and travel agents from abroad.

trade event:

event which businesses show or exhibit their prods and services to customers/potential customers. travel fairs and travel exhibitions are a trade event where e.g. hotel businesses show tour operator customers range of facilities in their hotels.

meetings and incentives:

business tourists often attend meetings w colleagues, customers and suppliers

what do hotels have for business tourists:

city destination hotels have special meeting rooms for business tourism meetings and provide package deals including accomodation and catering for business tourists living far away

incentives:

encouragements/rewards offered by businesses to employees e.g. car dealership may give reward holidays to sales staff who reach targets

conferences or convention features

business gatherings on a large scale. hundreds of business tourists may attent a conference/convention held in a conference hall or convention center.

business tourists at conferences/conventions often..

stay overnight in local hotels and become evening meal customers of catering businesses e.g. restaurants/visitor attractions

benefits of businesses/trade events to hotels

attract business tourists and help increase low season hotel occupancy rates and restaurant customers

event:

time limited happenings that appeal to tourists

occupancy rate:

no. beds used out of total no. bed spaces available.

VFR:

when tourists travel to destinations to spend time with people they know [visitin friends and relatives]

factors leading to increased VFR tourism:

improved access to transport, more moeny to spend on travel/disposable income, more time away from work/paid holidays, more family and friends living away from home.

what are VFR tourists not main consumers of

accomodation as often stay w relatives or friends

VFR tourist are consumers of

transport, accom and catering providers in places htey visit

why do vfr tourists become customers of local visitor attractions

people hosting htem like to show them around

medical tourism:

travelling away from home to another place to seek treatment for a medical conditions e.g. laser eye surgery/dental work.

what do medical tourists need:

tt products and services e.g. transport, accomodation, catering and other.

why is medical tourism different from health and wellbeing leisure tourism

its for receiving treatment in a hospital or clinic but h+wb leisure tourism is for maintaining health in an enjoyable way e.g. spa

religious tourism:

tourists that travel to places considered to be special in some way in order to show respect e.g. pilgrimages people make for spiritual beliefs e.g. Mecca, Way of St James, Golden Temple.

pilgrimage:

visit to place considered to be special in order to show respect

other reasons people travel:

legal reasons e.g. court case/view area to move to

change and development:

travel and tourism is changing. no. tourists and reasons for travel are changing. many people have more time and money available for travel. however issues e..g disease/natural disasters/security threats affect tourists confidence and freedom to travel.

types of tourism:

domestic, inbound and outbound tourism. mass, packaged, unpackaged and specialist tourism. short haul and long haul travel and tourism. independent travel. sustainable tourism, ecotourism and responsible tourism.

domestic tourist:

visit destinations in their country where they normally live e.g. mauritius -> rodrigues island.

domestic tourism:

when tourists visit destinations in their home country

inbound tourism:-when tourists travel into a country

outbound tourism:

when tourists travel away from the country where htye live.

all international tourists are considered..

outbound and inbound tourists at diff ends of the trip.

market:

the group of buyers/consumers for a particular goood or service. tourism market; people who are likely to buy tourism prods and servs.

outbound travel agencies/tour operators of usa do what?

providing product sand services to american customers wishing to travel abroad to other countries.

inbound tour operators…

organize tourism experiences for inbound tourist to the country. often have expert knowledge and understanding of the destination country.

mass tourism:

when many tourists travel to a popular holiday destination. e.g. package holiday

mass tourism results in:

overcrowded beaches, many tall hotels and apartment buildings, local populations forced to move into cheaper areas, litter, noise and air pollution. successful destination brand, jobs and money from tourism.

what must mass tourist destinations do

work to preserve destination image.

packaged tourism:

tourist travel and visits organized by a tt business e.g. tour operator combining separate tourism components e.g. transport and accom to make single package product sold to customers at single price.

tour operator:

tt business that organizes tour prods for customers. package holidays are example of tour operator prods where prods from diff components combined by tour operator.

components:

individual parts of the holiday e.g. transport, accom, meal plans. all tt providers themselves are components of whole tt industry

mass tourism often a form of…

packaged tourism organised by tt business/tour operator.

mass market tour operator combines tt components to…

make single package product to be promoted and sold to many people.

package tours are sold to customers as…

single product at single price. [often low price]

package holiday types:

all-inclusive [travel/accom/meals], mass market [bulk to many customers], special interest, dynamic packages [customers choose components]

specialist tourism:

when tourists visit destinations because of particular special interest e.g. painting/cooking

special tourism markets:

photography, adventure, ecotourism, cultural tourism, panting courses, wilderness tours, sports tours.

cooking specialist tourism may…

choose destination based on quality of local produce, great restaurant reviews, or cooking class availability

most popular specialist markets:

adventure tourism e.g. safaris, national parks, landscape, conservation. cultural tours too and medical/health tourism.

are specialist tours packaged

they can be both unpackaged and packaged tourism.

unpackaged tourism:

opposite of packaged tourism. independent travel = unpackaged bc diff elements of trip such as travel and accomodation are booked separately and provided by diff providers

short haul:

flight of less than three hours

long haul:

flight of more than six hours

medium haul flights:

between three and six hour flights.

independent travel:

self arranged tourism e.g. website/app/social media to plan/book componenents and ancillary services without the help of a travel agent

ancillary services:

extra support services for tourists e.g. tour guiding, car/cycle hire, currency exchange.

travel agent:

a business that sells tt products provided by other tt businesses.

sustainable tourism:

visitng places in a way that causes the least negative impact while bringing the greatest possible benefits to the environment and the people who live in the destinations. can be environmentally, economically or socially sustainable.

environmentally sustainable torusim:

causes teh least possible negative impact on the environment and climate by causing as little pollution as possible. e.g. reducing use of natural resources [water], reusing plastic, recycling paper/glass/metal

socially sustainable tourism:

conserves local people's ways of life into the future.

economically sustainable tourism:

brings jobs and money to destinations that may be used to protect the future economy

types of sustainable tourism:

ecotourism and responsible tourism.

ecotourism:

visiting a place because of the natural enviornment in ways that cause the least possible negative impact to the natural environment now and in the future while bringing the greatest possible positive benefits to the natuarl enviornment and its local communities.

responsible tourism:

tourists in a destination behaving respectfully towards the natural environment and towards local people. OR travel and tourism providers and authorities behaving responsibly by managing or developing tourism so that the natural environment and local people are treated respectfully.

sustainable development acts as…

a souvenir, promotes responsible tourism and benefits local efforts to preserve and recycle.

example of responsible tourism:

cambodia, siem reap -> reusable water to be filled by providers around the city.

components of the travel and tourism industry

accomodation and catering. travel agents and tour operators. transport providers. visitor attractions. ancillary services.

accomodation:

where tourists stay overnight e.g. hotels, guest houses and b&bs, hostels, homestays, camping, serviced apartments

guest houses:

accomodation on a small scale e.g. in a house