Clinical Chemistry

2 types of laboratory glasswares

glasswares, plasticwares

what are 6 characteristics of glasswares?

Breakable, Reusable, Ideal for acidic solution, High thermal and corrosion resistance, Good optical properties, Low cost

what are 6 characteristics of plasticwares?

Disposable, Highly shock proof; shatterproof, Ideal for alkaline solution, Relatively inert, Flexible, For cryogenic experiments

what are the 5 general types of glasswares?

High Thermal Resistance Glass (Borosilicate), high silica glass, glass with high resistance to alkalies, low actinic glass, standard flint glass

High Thermal Resistance Glass (Borosilicate) is made out of two chemicals what are they?

silica, boron trioxide

this glassware has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion (resist thermal shock), heat, thermal, & corrosion resistant

high thermal resistance glass (borosilicate)

borosilicate glass have 3 types

pyrex, corex, vycor

what borosilicate glass is Mechanical strength and scratch resistance superior to Pyrex?

corex

corex is how many times stronger than other borosilicate glass?

6

corex is made of what glass?

alumina-silicate glass

corex is able to resist clouding from?

alkali or scratching

corex is ideal for:
higher?
graduated?
breakage resistant?

temperature thermometers, cylinders, centrifuge tubes & pipettes

what borosilicate glass is recommended for use in application involving high temperature and drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids and dilute alkalies?

vycor

vycor is heatable up to?

900C - 1200C

vycor can also withstand down shock from 900°C to ice water Ideal for?

ashing and ignition techniques

vycor is 4x better than?

pyrex

in vycor, what percentage is silica and boron trioxide?

96%, 4%

glass fused in quartz (99.9% silica)

high silica glass

high silica glass has what characteristics?

Greater thermal endurance, chemical stability, electrical

high silica glass has:
radiation?
good?
temperature?

resistant, optical qualities, capabilities

high silica glass is ideal for?

high precision analytical work

high silica glass can also be used for?

optical reflectors, mirrors

a Boron-free glassware for strong alkali solution and digestion with strong Alkalies

glass with high resistance to alkalies

glass with high resistance to alkalies is what than borosilicate glass?

less thermal resistant

aan Amber red colored glassware

low actinic glass

low actinic glass amber red colored to do what passing through the substance within the glassware?

reduce the amount of light

low actinic glass is a highly protective laboratory glassware for handling light-sensitive substances in the?

300-500 nm range

examples of light sensitive substances for low actinic glass?

bilirubin, carotene, Vitamin A

a Soda-lime glass which is composed or a mixture of oxides

standard flint glass

what are the mixture of oxides are in standard flint glass?

Si, Ca, Na

standard flint glass is a what glass?

soft

standard flint glass is lowest in cost and can be readily?

fabricated

standard flint glass is poorly resistant to?, and sudden changes in?

high temperature, temperature

standard flint glass is easy to melt and shape thus used as?

reagent bottles, disposable laboratory glasswares

what do standard flint glass release into the pipetted liquid?

alkali

what are the 4 types of plasticwares?

polyolefins (Polyethylenes, polypropylenes), polycarbonate resin, tygon, Teflon fluorocarbon resins

polyolefins are unique group of resins with relatively inert?

chemical properties

plasticwares that are unaffected by acids, alkalies, salt solutions and most aqueous solutions

polyolefins

what acid that slowly attacks polyethylene at room temp?

concentrated sulfuric acid

these slowly penetrate these polyolefins plastics

Aromatic, aliphatic, oils, halogens

what attack polyolefin group at elevated temperatures only?

strong oxidizing agents

what is more expensive than polyethylene?

polypropylene

a polyolefin used in most disposable plasticwares?

polypropylene

a polyolefin is sterilizable however it absorbs pigment and tends to become discolored

polypropylene

type of plasticware that is twice as strong as polypropylene

polycarbonate resins

polycarbonate resins can resists temperatures up to?

-100C to 160C

polycarbonate resin' s chemical resistance is not as wide as?

polyolefins

polycarbonate resins are unsuitable for use with bases as?

amines, ammonia, alkalies, oxidizing agents

polycarbonate resins are also have what characteristics?

Glass-clear, shatter proof

polycarbonate resins are ideal for?

centrifuge tubes, graduated cylinders

a type of plasticware that is Non-toxic, clear plastic of modified PVC

tygon

what does PVC mean?

polyvinylchloride

tygon are flexible and used to handle?

most chemicals

tygon tubing is? but gripping tightly on?

soft, flexible, glass or metals

a type of plasticware with almost chemically inert high corrosion resistance at extreme temperatures over extended periods

Teflon Fluorocarbon resins

Teflon Fluorocarbon resins are pure what?

translucent white, inert

Teflon Fluorocarbon resins are easy to clean and fast dying but it can be?

scratched, misshaped

these are glass tubes used for transferring or measuring aliquots of a liquid or solutions?

pipettes

No mouth pipetting, what are used instead

rubber tubings or bulbs, SPD (safety pipetting device)

pipetting should be done with?

Care, discretion

2 factors to have a reliable result in pipetting?

precision, accuracy

Precision is equal to

true volume

what percent is the Error allowance?

0.5%

what is the skill for pipetting?

manual

what are the 2 classifications of pipettes?

According to Design/Manner of Calibration, type

According to Design/Manner of Calibration, what are it's 3 types?

to deliver, to contain, rinse - out pipette (true w/ TC pipette)

This type of calibration is made by weighing the necessary volume of water which when allowed to flow by gravity will deliver the exact volume

to deliver

Small amount remaining on the tip in TD pipettes should not be?

blown out

in TD pipettes, the rate at which the fluid flows down should not be hastened by?

blowing

TD pipettes, the measurement maybe made by weighing the H20 delivered and calculating the?

volume from its density

what fluid is commonly used as the calibration medium for TD pipettes? and because it is readily?

H2O (water), available

H2O has a similar what to the diluted solution ordinarily employed in clinical chemistry?

viscosity, speed of drainage

what are calibrated by introducing exact volume or weight of mercury (hg), a non- wetting liquid, equal to volume desired?

to contain

TC pipettes contains the necessary volume, however, it does not deliver the exact volume due to the tendency of the fluids to cling to?

glass surfaces

The tip of TC pipettes remains in contact with the side of the receiving vessel (except for Mohr type) for several seconds until the last drop has? This is done by?

drained, capillary action

exact volume is calibrated to fill the volume between 2 calibrated points on the pipette

between 2 marks pipette (blow out)

exact volume of the fluid is delivered by draining

volumetric transfer pipette

Which means that after complete delivery "rinsing out" by "suck and blow mechanism" is employed in order to wash all of the fluid contained in the pipette into the receiving vessel.

rinse - out pipette (true w/ TC pipette)

According to type, what are it's 4 types?

measuring or graduated, volumetric or transfer pipette, micro pipettes, mechanical or semi/automatic pipettor

it is a plain narrow tube with uniform graduations is drawn along its length

measuring or graduated pipette

measuring or graduated pipettes are calibrated to deliver fractional quantity/several different volumes of liquid and used for?

measuring of reagents

this may vary but are indicated on the top of each pipette

graduation lines

2 types of measuring or graduated pipettes

mohr, serological pipettes

Mohr Pipette are calibrated between?

2 marks

Mohr Pipettes Has no what to the tip? is self-draining, the tip should not be allowed to touch what in which the pipette is draining?

graduations, receiving vessel

it is a pipette that has graduation marks to the tip and always a "blow-out' pipette

serological pipette

serological pipettes are not suitable for accurate measurement of less than? and should be used with direction in the?

2 ml, chemical lab

serological pipettes may be used for accurate measurements greater than? and is useful in making smaller multiple measurements which need not be?

2 ml, precise

these pipettes are designated to dispense one volume without further subdivisions

Volumetric or Transfer Pipette

4 types of Volumetric or Transfer Pipette

Volumetric Pipettes, Oswald-Folin Pipette, Van Slyke Pipette, Pasteur pipette (dropper)

a pipette that has a cylindrical valve located midway the mouth piece and the tip.

Volumetric Pipettes

Volumetric Pipettes is allowed only to?

drain

pipette used for accurate measurements of standard solutions, protein free filtrate, and similar non-viscous fluids. This are used to deliver a fixed volume of liquid

Volumetric Pipettes