Blood, Immune Cells, Inflammation & Anemia

what is anoxia?

absence of oxygen

what is hypoxia?

deficiency in oxygen

what is septicemia/bacteremia?

pathogens or toxins in the blood

what is exudate?

fluid with high protein

what is tranudate?

fluid with low protein

what is chemotaxis?

movement of white blood cells along the concentration gradient

what is diapedesis?

neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through walls of blood vessels toward site of damaged tissue or infection

what is pavmenting/margination?

white blood cells line damaged vessels

what is a clot?

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin via thromboplastin that requires vitamin K and calcium

what is a thrombus?

blood clot that forms in a vein, artery or heart, most common in lower leg

what is an embolus?

blood clot that breaks free from a thrombus and travels through blood vessels

what is the cause of a fatty emboli?

from fracture in long bone

what is the cause of a pulmonary embolism?

from veins in lower extremity

what are the granulocytes?

basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

what are the agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

where do T lymphocytes mature?

thymus

what do helper T cells (CD4) do?

send signals that direct immune cells to fight infections

what do CD4 cells signal?

cytotoxic t cells, b lymphocytes and macropahges

what do cytotoxic t cells (CD8) do?

destroy/kill infected cells

what do suppressor t cells do?

decrease immune system and slow antibody production

what do B lymphocytes produce?

plasma cells that make antibodies

what cell is the macrophage of the liver?

kupffer cell

what cell is the macrophage of the lung?

dust cells

what cell is the macrophage of the CNS?

microglia cells

what cell is the macrophage of the PNS?

dendritic cells

what cell is the macrophage of the skin?

langerhans cells

what percent of WBCs are neutrophils?

60%

what percent of WBCs are lymphocytes?

30%

what percent of WBCs are moncytes?

5-8%

what percent of WBCs are eosionphils?

2-4%

what percent of WBCs are basophils?

0-0.5%

what is the purpose of neutrophils?

increase in acute bacterial infections and acute inflammation

what is the purpose of lymphocytes?

increase in viral infection and chronic inflammation

what is the purpose of monocytes?

increase in chronic conditions and convert into phagocytes at the tissue level

what is the purpose of eosionphils?

increase in parasitic infection and allergic reactions

what is the purpose of basophils?

similar to mast cells, produce heparin and histamine

what substances increase inflamamtion?

bradykinin/histamine, leukotrines, prostaglandins, substance P

what substances decrease inflammation?

enkephalins/endorphins, NSAIDS, steroids

what occurs in the injury/wound stage of infammation?

tissue is damaged

what occurs in the vasoconstriction phase of inflammation?

sympathetic reaction, blood vessels narrow to protect body from fluid and blood loss

what occurs in the vasodilation stage of inflammation?

histamine and bradykinin dilate vessels, blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to damaged tissue

what occurs in the swelling/edema phase of inflamamtion?

cells move into damage area

what occurs in th ehaling phase of inflammation?

mast cells make heparin and serotonin

what is Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia?

decreased B cells and IgG, most common primary immunodeficiency at brith

what is DiGeroge’s?

decreased T cells due to hypolasia of thymus, chromosome 22 affected

what is severe combined immune deficiency?

decreased B and T cells in newborn due to a problem with bone marrow

what clotting factor is impacted with hemophilia A?

8

what clotting factor is impacted with hemophilia B?

9

what clotting factor is impacted with hemophilia C?

11

what is the name od hemophilia A?

von willibrand disease

what is the name of hemophilia B?

christmas disease

what is aplastic anemia?

decreased RBC, WBC and platelets, associated with degeneration of bone marrow

what is iron deficiency anemia?

most commonly caused by chronic blood loss, microcytic hypochromic anemia

what is pernicious anemia?

due to lack of intrinsic factor, sometimes caused by gastritis

what is B9 anemia??

common in pregnancy, can lead to birth defects

megaloblastic, macrocytic, normonchromic anemia

what is B12 anemia?

common in vegetarians

megaloblastic, macrocytic, normonchromic anemia

what type of anemia is a hemorrhage?

normochromic, normocytic anemia

what is hemolytic breakdown?

due to sickle cell anemia

what is thalassemia major?

inherited blood disorder that causes the body to have less hemoglobin than normal

what is erythroblastosis fetalis?

fetal RBCs are destroyed in maternal immune reaction due to blood group incompatibility between fetus and mother

what is polycythemia?

bone marrow makes too many RBCs

what is thrombocytopenia?

decreased platelets in blood