Clinical Psychology

Health Psychology

the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness

Stress

The response of the body and mind to challenges or demands, characterized by physical, emotional, and mental reactions

Stress Reactions

the physical and emotional response to stressors

Three Common Sources of Stress

1. Catastrophes

2. Significant Life Changes

3. Daily Hassles and Social Stress

Anxiety

The internal reaction to how someone reacts to stressful situations

Eustress

A certain amount of stress is actually good for performance

Distress

Debilitating stress that decreases motivation and performance

Problem-Focused Coping

Directly managing and solving the source of stress to reduce its impact

Emotion-Focused Coping

managing your emotions from stress rather than the situation itself

Appraisal-Focused Coping

Changing your attitude about a stressful situation

Abnormal Psychology

the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought

Clinical Psychology

assesses, diagnoses, treats, and prevents mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

Psychiatrists

MD’s who manage and treat mental health disorders with therapy and medication

Psychopathology

Studies abnormal psychology and disorders

Psychology Student Syndrome

Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder

DSM-5-TR

A book of diagnosis

ICD

tracks diagnosis and is a global reporting record of mental diseases

Deviation

When people don’t behave according to cultural expectations, creating diagnosis for mental disorders

Dysfunction

the disruption of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that significantly impairs a persons ability to perform daily tasks

Danger

thoughts or emotions that may manifest in a form of harm, either to the self or others.

Stigma

A negative stereotype directed at individuals with mental disorders

Eclectic Approach

the combination of techniques from multiple therapeutic orientations to tailor it to an individual’s unique needs

Biopsychosocial Model

psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Diathesis Stress Model

disorders happen because of the combination between genetic factors and environments

The Medical Model

The branch of biological perspective that sees that disorders can be treated and diagnosed like physical illnesses

Behavior Perspective

mental illness happens because of past experiences

example: a dog bit me so now I have a phobia of dogs

Psychodynamic Perspective

mental disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflicts and impulses

Cognitive Perspective

mental disorders occur because of the way your belief system is messed up- beliefs, attitudes, emotional responses

General Anxiety Disorder

experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances

Specific Phobia

Intense, irrational fear responses from a stimulus

Agoraphobia

afraid to be in public situations when escaping might be difficult causing panic attacks

Panic Disorder

a bunch of panic attacks

OCD

unwanted, repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

PTSD

occurs due to a traumatic experience. Victims experience nightmares or flashbacks.

Depressive Disorders

persistence of sadness, emptiness, or irritability

Bipolar Disorders

alternating periods of mania and depression with bipolar cycling than can vary with duration and intensity

Bipolar 1 Disorder

at least one manic episode

More severe

Bipolar 2 Disorder

at least 1 hypomanic episode

less severe

Post Partum Depression

women who recently gave birth have symptoms or feelings of depression

Psychosis Syndrome

any condition where a patient loses touch with reality

Schizophrenia

when a patient experiences delusion, hallucinations, unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms

Alogia

symptom of reduced speech

Anhedonia

symptom of the inability to experience pleasure

Avolition

symptom of lacking motivation

Delusions

false beliefs that are held despite clear evidence against them

Delusion of Persecution

the false belief that people are out to get you

Delusion of Grandeur

The false belief in your abilities (wealth, fame, ect)

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences without external stimuli (hearing voices, visuals, tactile…)

Stupor

the abnormal symptom of the lack of movement

Posturing

the abnormal symptom of unusual posture

Flat Affect

Lacking emotions

Etiologies: The Dopamine Hypothesis

The theory that mental disorders are linked to an imbalance of dopamine

an increase of dopamine leads to hallucinations

Diathesis-Stress Model

people inherit a predisposition that increases their risk of schizophrenia; exposure to stress may put you at a higher risk

Abnormal Brain Activity in Schizophrenia

lack of frontal lobe activity

increase thalamus and amygdala activity

smaller cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum

Dissociative Disorders

disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception leading to impairment of daily functions

Dissociative Amnesia

the inability to recall important information that is usually traumatic

Dissociative Identity Disorder

two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with their own voice, mannerisms, and memories

Dissociative Fugue

sudden, unexpected travel and confusion about identity

Personality Disorders

internal experience and behavior that deviate markedly from cultural expectations

Cluster A Personality Disorders

odd or eccentric behaviors and thinking

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder

pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. They like solitary activities.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

acute discomfort in close relationships,

they think they can influence events with their thoughts or that they receive special messages from television broadcasting

Cluster B Personality Disorders

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

pervasive disregard for the rights of others

manipulative

unlawful

lack of remorse

Histrionic Personality Disorder

excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior

a need for approval

inappropriate seductiveness

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

need for admiration, lack of empathy, feeling as though they are supperior

Borderline Personality Disorder

characterized by a pattern of intense and unstable interactions

“I hate you but I love you”

Avoidant Personality Disorder

extreme shyness and fear of rejection

Cluster C Personality Disorders

anxious and fearful behavior

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

The lack of independence and the need to be taken care of by others

Eating and Feeding Disorders

mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits

Anorexia Nervosa

life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain, distorted perception of one’s weight

Bulimia Nervosa

recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food via purging

Binge Eating Disorder

uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will feel extreme sense of guilt

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

group of disorders that begin in childhood and alter thinking and behavior

Specific Learning Disorders

a person who experiences chronic difficulties perceiving and processing information

ADHD

persistant patterns of inattention/hyperactivity/impulsivity that interfere with functioning

Autism Spectrum Disorder

challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Deinstitutionalization

reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based mental health services, aiming to provide more integrated and humane care

Evidence-Based Interventions

therapeutic approaches and treatments that are supported by scientific research and empirical evidence

Therapeutic Alliance

the collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and client

Cultural Humility

an ongoing process of self-reflection and learning about clients’ cultural backgrounds, recognizing power imbalances, and fostering respect, culturally sensitive therapeutic relationships

Behavioral Therapy

uses principles of learning conditioning to improve specific behaviors through systematic interventions and reinforcement strategies

Exposure Therapy

gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects or situation

Systematic Desensitization

gradually exposing a person to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce their anxiety

Aversion Therapy

pair unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli

Token Economies

when people earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors

Biofeedback

electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes

Cognitive Therapies

identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier behaviors

Maladaptive Thinking

Negative and irrational thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviors, which therapy aims to identify and change

Cognitive Restructuring

identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs, replacing them with more positive and realistic ones to improve emotional well-being

Cognitive Triad

the negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future that contribute to and sustain depression, which therapy aims to identify and change

Rational-Emotional Behavior Therapy (REBT)

assumes many of our problems arise from irrational thinking

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBT)

treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors, aiming to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier coping strategies

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

adds mindfulness and acceptance strategies to address emotional regulation and interpersonal skills. Good for people with severe emotional dysregulation