KAAP 180 Final - UD - Knight

This is a structured movement process that humans consciously and voluntarily engage in for the purpose of improving fitness, health and performance.

Exercise

When experts get together and review the scientific evidence on an important topic like weight loss in wrestlers and offer an evidence-based summary to the public, this is called a/an...

Position Stand

Among the early Greek Scholars, who stated: ?If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.?

Hippocrates

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) is

One professional organization that represents the discipline of exercise science

horizontal integration

skeletal, cardiovascular, immune

Based on the ACSM position stand you were asked to read (abstract only), in what category of individuals is the incidence of both acute myocardial infarction and sudden death the greatest?

People with the least amount of habitual physical activity

In older adults, what is typical cause of cardiac events?

Atherosclerotic disease

According to the required Chapter by Abernathy, the successful maturation of our discipline (Exercise Science) will involve which of the following.

Exercise Science should become more interdisciplinary such that advances in knowledge are made by crossing the traditional but arbitrary boundaries between the subdisciplines (Motor Control, Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology, etc.).

Which of the following is the definition of a Physician Assistant?

health care professionals who practice medicine as part of a team with physicians.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the Medical-Legal partnership demonstrated by Boston Medical Center.

The lawyers were better equipped than the doctors to treat the cause of recurring asthma in children.

Which epidemiologist received an Olympic gold medal for his research on the health benefits of physical activity?

Ralf Paffenbarger

Select all the TRUE statements about the 23.5 hours video by Dr. Mike Evans.

Small doses of exercise resulted in big improvements in health.

The video by Dr. Evans was based on scientific evidence.

This is defined as an individual's ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity.

Resilience

Compared to a normal weight female, the relative risk of Type II diabetes for an overweight female is 3.9. Select all statements below that are correct.

Type II diabetes is a co-morbidity of being overweight.

An overweight female is 3.9 times more likely to have Type II diabetes than a normal weight female.

What did Dr. John Snow do to stop the Cholera Epidemic in London.

He removed the handle from a water pump that was the main source of water in the area.

Meaningful reductions in population mortality do not occur until people reach high levels of aerobic fitness.

False

Health Care represents only about 85% of the things that make a person healthy. The remaining 15% is determined by social factors.

False

The most successful Hunter & Gatherers would be the ones that obtained the most surplus meat and supplies.

False

Relative risk: students who exercise less than 2 days per week have a 40 percent chance of getting a cold during finals week. Students who exercise 5 days per week (the control or optimal condition) have a 10 percent chance of getting a cold during finals week. What is the relative risk of getting a cold during finals week for a person who exercises twice per week?

4.0

Barefoot runners tend to run

with the forefoot or midfoot coming into contact with the ground first.

Which of the following ground reaction forces can indicate whether a person is speeding up or slowing down while running?

Anterior-posterior

During alternative spring break you build homes with Habitat for Humanity in the mountains. You have a lot of materials to carry in a backpack including two boxes of nails (heavy) and two packages window insulation (lighter). How do you load your pack for the best stability and least strain on the lower back?

Nails low, insulation high.

In the conventions of biomechanics and physics, the units of measure for body weight are

Newtons (N)

Recalling your personal experimentation with different levels of power output on gym equipment and based on discussion in class, which level of power output best matches that observed in the Race Across America? This is the average Watts throughout the whole race.

200 Watts

What environmental stimulus is simulated in a hypobaric chamber?

Less atmospheric pressure

This person's study of animals and humans in motion led to the development of modern tools for biomechanical analysis

Eadweard Muybridge

What is the correct unit of measure for work?

Joules

On the way home from work, there is one 600 foot hill. After training for a few weeks, you find that it takes you 1 minute less time to get to the top of that hill. Which statement(s) best describe this situation.

Your power output has increased with training

You are taking a tour of a Physical Therapy department and you see that their research space has force plates and high speed cameras. What statement best describes what you see? "I see that you are equipped to study..."

Kinetics and kinematics

In the patellar tendon tap reflex, the stimulus that causes contraction of quadriceps muscles is

the quick stretch of the quadriceps muscle

When you step on a tack, your nervous system would use which reflex to prevent further injury?

the flexion reflex

You are able to grasp and lift an object without continually watching both your hand and the object. For this high quality control, you are utilizing.

kinesthesis

Specialized structures that detect information about the position of the body and its movement.

proprioceptors

Since the three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus detect movement in different directions, this sense organ is like the

force plate

Which of the following was a main conclusion of the moving room experiment?

Very young children (toddlers) hare highly dependent on visual inforamtion for the control of upright stance.

Cutaneous sensation from the skin on the arms does not contribute to the accuracy of elbow position sense.

False

Which of the following sense organs detects tension in the muscle-tendon unit?

Golgi Tendon Organ

A special type of neuron in the vestibular apparatus detects movement. What neuron is this.

Hair cell

Which sensory receptor or sensory apparatus most closely resembles the biomechanist's analysis of movement along 3 axes?

The vestibular apparatus

In rapid elbow extension, a component of throwing, movement velocity is increased by

Later (delayed) antagonist burst

Select the pair that represents the main control mechanisms at the motor unit level.

recruitment and rate coding

In human movement science, we examine the patterns of muscle activation using the methods of

electromyography (EMG)

The part of the neuron that carries nerve impulses to muscle fibers in the periphery.

Axon

The brain and spinal cord are the main components of the

Central Nervous System

Which neurotransmitter communicates excitation from nerve to muscle?

acetylcholine

A motor unit in a muscle that is designed for precision would have fewer muscle fibers per motor neuron.

True

A motor unit consists of all the motor neurons that are attached to a muscle.

False

The number of motor neurons in a motor unit depends on how many muscle fibers there are (more fibers need more neurons).

False

Slow twitch muscle fibers are recruited before fast twitch muscle fibers.

True

What type of muscular contraction can be used to preserve or increase strength even while the related joint is immobilized?

Isometric

Select the type of muscular contraction in which the velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening is constant.

Isokinetic

Along which structure do action potentials travel to inner regions of the muscle cell?

t-tubule

What step of skeletal muscle contraction occurs next after calcium release form the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

troponin - tropomyosin move to expose binding sites for cross bridge formation

A bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells) contained within a sheath of connective tissue is called

a fascicle

When muscle contractions occur there is a sequence of electrical, chemical then electrical communication form the nervous system to the muscle. Which of the following is or are responsible for the chemical part? There may be more than one.

passive diffusion

acetylcholine

Which type of muscle fiber would be surrounded by more capillaries?

Slow Twitch

The flat bench press involves the muscles primarily of the chest and arms. The 1-RM and 10-RM tests are two means to measure the strength of these muscles. One test will inform you more about muscle size while the other test relates more to the ATP-PC system. Which test is more informative on the ATP-PC system?

10-RM

The protein molecule that does the mechanical work in muscle contraction is

myosin

Which of the following is part of the mechanistic basis of the force-velocity relationship?

the myosin head and the rate of cross bridge cycling

Among the following, which provides ATP most quickly?

Creatine Phosphate

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones is known as...

catabolism

Which of the following describes how lactic acid impairs performance.

Lactic acid accumulation in muscle increases the acidity in muscle (lower pH) and this slows the process of anaerobic glycolysis. There is a sensation of fatigue or inability to continue exercise. This inhibition is protective.

Which of the following substrates is used in glycolysis to make ATP?

Glucose

In very long tests of endurance (> 5 hours), the more important source of energy is.

adipocytes

Which of the following occur in the mitochondria? There may be more than one correct answer.

beta oxidation

krebs cycle

The electron transport chain operates by creating a strong gradient across a membrane. This gradient provides energy to make ATP. Which of the following items is moved into the intermembrane space to create this gradient?

H+

The benefits of creatine supplementation will be greater in repeated exertions rather than in single exertions (e.g. multiple sprints vs. single sprints).

True

Exercise time to exhaustion will be the same whether the muscle has high or low levels of glycogen.

False

A paper discussed in lecture examined changes before and after a 255 mile ultramarathon. Select the response(s) that were observed. There may be more than one answer.

the process of making new capillaries had begun.

there was an increase in lipoprotein lipase

Which is the most accurate statement about Plyometric training?

improves the quality of neural commands to muscle

Functional electrical stimulation

Can be used to cause contractions and movements in muscles affected by paralysis

The crossed re-innervation experiments provided evidence that

The properties of a muscle are determined by the neurons supplying it

In experiments that test exercise effects in rats it is important to know whether the exercise is forced or voluntary.

This statement is true because forced exercise in these animal models is a stressful stimulus.

What is a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the patient or client.

contraindication

More mechanical work can be accomplished in less time with

Interval training

Training above your lactate threshold is a strategy that is intended to improve

anaerobic fitness

What is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.

angiogenesis

Which type of muscle contraction is most likely to cause muscle hypertrophy?

eccentric

Which of the following tests is based on a blood draw taken at different exercise workloads?

Lactate threshold test

After 6 weeks of running 1 mile per day, my resting heart rate has decreased. Which is the best statement to describe this change?

This is a chronic adaptation to exercise that may be related to an increased stroke volume.

Protein that carries oxygen carrier in muscle

Myoglobin

Tyler Hamilton, a professional cyclist and teammate of Lance Armonstrong on US Postal used a substance called erythropoetin (EPO). What did this do?

Increased hematocrit

Does internal respiration occurs in the alveoli

No

Treatment for a partial blockage of the coronary artery in which a small balloon is inflated in the artery.

Angioplasty

Which TWO chambers will contain oxygenated blood?

left atrium and left ventricle

Chambers of the heart are filling during systole.

False

Carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide poisoning affect which of the following?

Hemoglobin

During exercise, the body allows greater flow of blood to working muscles by...

vasodilation

A myocardial infarction is usually caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

True

You are a soccer player and your coach has you practice many trials of a shooting in which you receive passes from many different angles and the goalie is in several different positions. What term matches this type of practice?

Contextual Interference

You are working with a developing golfer. She has recently reached the point at which you would say she has a consistent golf swing and it is time to begin fine tuning the details. What stage of skill acquisition is this?

Associative

As a coach, you are developing a unique training system for the sport of golf. Which of the following strategies should you adopt based on evidence presented in class.

Rather than teaching a new skill at the practice range and then immediately testing it in a round of golf on the same day, you have your athlete learn the new skill at the practice range and then wait until the next day to test it on the course.

Which type of practice results in better learning?

Random Practice

Which stage of motor learning makes the greatest amount of resources available for thinking about game strategy?

Autonomous Phase

One study discussed in lecture demonstrated that a period of sleep can improve motor learning. What additional factor that related to the amount of performance enhancement?

the amount of time spent in certain sleep stages

Which of the following feedback strategies promotes the athlete's development of sensory awareness?

Fading knowledge of results

Which of the following is or are mechanisms that contribute to motor learning?

synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf)

Repeatedly practicing the same motor skill has been shown to impede practice performance but enhance learning of the skill.

False

You are a highly skilled player on a new badminton team with people of mixed ability. The coach has had the team work on fundamental movements for several weeks and this has not improved your ability at all. What is the best explanation for this?

You are not training at your challenge point

Adaptive physiology includes

1) inherent adaptations such as those related to development, aging, and pathophysiological conditions

2) adaptations to the external environment such as those occurring with exercise, microgravity, hypoxia, hypo- and hyperbaria, and hypo-and hyperthermicconditions