Chapter 12B Learning Outcomes

The diencephalon consists of which three paired gray matter structures?

A) Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
B) Thalamus, cerebellum, brain stem
C) Hypothalamus, pons, medulla
D) Epithalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

All three subdivisions of the diencephalon enclose which structure?

A) Lateral ventricles
B) Fourth ventricle
C) Third ventricle
D) Central canal

Third ventricle

The third ventricle is:

A) Located in the brain stem
B) Surrounded by the diencephalon
C) Found in the cerebellum
D) Located between the lateral ventricles

Surrounded by the diencephalon

The thalamus is best described as:

A) A single midline nucleus
B) Bilateral, egg-shaped nuclei
C) A dorsal extension of the brain stem
D) A glandular structure

Bilateral, egg-shaped nuclei

The thalamus forms which walls of the third ventricle?

A) Inferolateral walls
B) Roof
C) Superolateral walls
D) Posterior walls

Superolateral walls

Approximately what percentage of the diencephalon is made up by the thalamus?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

80%

The right and left sides of the thalamus are connected by the:

A) Corpus callosum
B) Cerebral aqueduct
C) Interthalamic adhesion
D) Infundibulum

Interthalamic adhesion

The primary function of the thalamus is to:

A) Produce hormones
B) Act as a relay station to the cerebral cortex
C) Regulate body temperature
D) Control circadian rhythms

Act as a relay station to the cerebral cortex

Which type of input is sorted, edited, and relayed by the thalamus?

A) Only sensory impulses
B) Only motor impulses
C) Ascending input including emotion, motor control, memory, and sensory integration
D) Only autonomic impulses

Ascending input including emotion, motor control, memory, and sensory integration

Impulses from the hypothalamus relayed through the thalamus are associated with:

A) Vision and hearing
B) Emotion and visceral function
C) Voluntary motor movement
D) Balance and posture

Emotion and visceral function

The thalamus mediates which of the following?

A) Sensation
B) Motor activity
C) Cortical arousal, learning, and memory
D) All of the above

All of the above

The hypothalamus is located:

A) Above the thalamus
B) Below the thalamus
C) Posterior to the thalamus
D) Lateral to the thalamus

Below the thalamus

The hypothalamus forms a cap over the:

A) Cerebellum
B) Cerebrum
C) Brain stem
D) Basal nuclei

Brain stem

Which walls of the third ventricle are formed by the hypothalamus?

A) Roof
B) Superolateral walls
C) Inferolateral walls
D) Posterior walls

Inferolateral walls

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the:

A) Interthalamic adhesion
B) Corpus callosum
C) Infundibulum
D) Cerebral peduncle

Infundibulum

The hypothalamus is the main visceral control and regulating center vital to:

A) Sensory perception
B) Conscious thought
C) Homeostasis
D) Voluntary movement

Homeostasis

Which system is controlled by the hypothalamus?

A) Somatic nervous system
B) Autonomic nervous system
C) Peripheral sensory system
D) Vestibular system

Autonomic nervous system

The hypothalamus initiates physical responses to emotions and is part of which system?

A) Reticular activating system
B) Endocrine system
C) Limbic system
D) Somatic nervous system

Limbic system

Which of the following is regulated by the hypothalamus?

A) Body temperature
B) Hunger and satiety
C) Water balance and thirst
D) Sleep–wake cycles
E) All of the above

All of the above

The hypothalamus controls endocrine function by regulating:

A) Thyroid hormone only
B) Adrenal hormone release only
C) Anterior pituitary secretions and posterior pituitary hormone production
D) Pineal gland secretion only

Anterior pituitary secretions and posterior pituitary hormone production

The epithalamus is the:

A) Most ventral portion of the diencephalon
B) Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon
C) Largest subdivision of the diencephalon
D) Inferior portion of the hypothalamus

Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon

The epithalamus forms the:

A) Floor of the third ventricle
B) Inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
C) Roof of the third ventricle
D) Superolateral walls of the third ventricle

Roof of the third ventricle

Which structure is contained within the epithalamus?

A) Pituitary gland
B) Pineal gland
C) Thalamus
D) Hypothalamus

Pineal gland

The pineal gland secretes:

A) Oxytocin
B) Melatonin
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone

Melatonin

Melatonin helps regulate the:

A) Hunger–satiety cycle
B) Stress response
C) Sleep–wake cycle
D) Motor coordination

Sleep–wake cycle

What area is affected in Parkinson’s disease?

The substantia nigra of the midbrain.

The midbrain is located:

A) Between pons (above) and diencephalon (below)
B) Between diencephalon (above) and pons (below)
C) Inferior to medulla oblongata
D) Lateral to cerebellum

Between diencephalon (above) and pons (below)

Which structure of the midbrain carries motor signals from cortex to spinal cord?

A) Periaqueductal gray
B) Cerebral peduncles
C) Cerebral aqueduct
D) Substantia nigra

Cerebral peduncles

The cerebral aqueduct connects:

A) Lateral ventricles
B) Third and fourth ventricles
C) Fourth ventricle and central canal
D) Third ventricle and lateral ventricles

Third and fourth ventricles

The periaqueductal gray is involved in:

A) Visual processing
B) Hearing
C) Pain suppression and fight-or-flight responses
D) Taste perception

Pain suppression and fight-or-flight responses

Which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the midbrain?

A) III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
B) V (trigeminal) and VI (abducens)
C) VII (facial) and VIII (vestibulocochlear)
D) IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

Other nuclei of the midbrain, including corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, and red nucleus, are involved in:

A) Sensory reflexes, movement regulation, and limb motor pathways
B) Vision only
C) Autonomic regulation
D) Endocrine control

Sensory reflexes, movement regulation, and limb motor pathways

Degeneration of which midbrain structure causes Parkinson’s disease?

A) Red nucleus
B) Substantia nigra
C) Periaqueductal gray
D) Cerebral peduncles

Substantia nigra

The pons is located:

A) Between midbrain (above) and medulla oblongata (below)
B) Between medulla (above) and midbrain (below)
C) Inferior to medulla
D) Superior to diencephalon

Between midbrain (above) and medulla oblongata (below)

The pons is separated from the cerebellum by:

A) Third ventricle
B) Fourth ventricle
C) Longitudinal fissure
D) Central canal

Fourth ventricle

Which fibers connect higher brain centers to spinal cord in the pons?

A) Transverse fibers
B) Projection fibers only
C) Longitudinal fibers
D) Commissural fibers

Longitudinal fibers

Which fibers connect the motor cortex to the cerebellum in the pons?

A) Longitudinal fibers
B) Transverse fibers
C) Association fibers
D) Commissural fibers

Transverse fibers

Which cranial nerves originate in the pons?

A) III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear)
B) V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial)
C) IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
D) I (olfactory), II (optic)

V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial)

Nuclei in the pons involved in the reticular formation help:

A) Maintain alertness
B) Coordinate eye movements
C) Control limb reflexes
D) Regulate taste

Maintain alertness

The pons contributes to:

A) Heart rate regulation
B) Maintaining normal rhythm of breathing
C) Pain suppression
D) Vision

Maintaining normal rhythm of breathing

The medulla oblongata is located:

A) Most superior part of brain stem
B) Lateral to pons
C) Most inferior part of brain stem, blending into spinal cord at foramen magnum
D) Above the midbrain

Most inferior part of brain stem, blending into spinal cord at foramen magnum

The medulla forms part of the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle along with:

A) Midbrain
B) Pons
C) Cerebellum
D) Diencephalon

Pons

The medulla oblongata serves as an autonomic reflex center, working with which structure?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Thalamus
C) Cerebellum
D) Basal nuclei

Hypothalamus

The cardiovascular center in the medulla regulates:

A) Sleep–wake cycle
B) Heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel diameter
C) Hunger and thirst
D) Voluntary movement

Heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel diameter

Respiratory centers in the medulla:

A) Generate respiratory rhythm and control rate/depth of breathing with pons
B) Only control rate of breathing
C) Only control depth of breathing
D) Control voluntary movements

Generate respiratory rhythm and control rate/depth of breathing with pons

Other reflex centers of the medulla regulate:

A) Vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
B) Vision and hearing
C) Voluntary motor control
D) Sleep–wake cycle

Vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

The cerebellum is located:

A) Ventral to the pons and medulla
B) Dorsal to the pons and medulla
C) Lateral to the cerebrum
D) Superior to the diencephalon

Dorsal to the pons and medulla

The cerebellar hemispheres are connected by the:

A) Vermis
B) Arbor vitae
C) Corpus callosum
D) Cerebellar peduncle

Vermis

Each cerebellar hemisphere has how many lobes?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Three

The three lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere are:

A) Frontal, parietal, occipital
B) Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
C) Superior, middle, inferior
D) Vermis, cortex, peduncles

Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

The cerebellar cortex is:

A) Thick white matter layer
B) Thin gray matter layer containing Purkinje cells
C) Fiber tracts connecting to midbrain
D) Part of the brain stem

Thin gray matter layer containing Purkinje cells

The arbor vitae (treelike) is:

A) Gray matter layer in the cortex
B) White matter connecting cerebellar cortex to brain stem
C) Fiber tracts connecting cerebellum to thalamus
D) Structure regulating endocrine function

White matter connecting cerebellar cortex to brain stem

The cerebellar peduncles are:

A) Lobes of the cerebellum
B) Fiber tracts linking the cerebellum to midbrain, pons, and medulla
C) Gray matter nuclei in the cerebellum
D) Blood vessels supplying the cerebellum

Fiber tracts linking the cerebellum to midbrain, pons, and medulla

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements by:

A) Sending motor commands to sensory organs only
B) Receiving motor commands and sensory input
C) Controlling heart rate
D) Regulating sleep

Receiving motor commands and sensory input

How does the cerebellum maintain balance and posture?

A) By initiating voluntary movement
B) By processing sensory feedback
C) By producing cerebrospinal fluid
D) By regulating endocrine function

By processing sensory feedback

The cerebellum fine-tunes actions by:

A) Sending “blueprint” to motor cortex and brain stem
B) Controlling the hypothalamus
C) Generating emotions
D) Filtering sensory information only

Sending “blueprint” to motor cortex and brain stem

Nonmotor roles of the cerebellum include:

A) Thinking, language, emotion, and adjusting behaviors
B) Only balance and coordination
C) Autonomic control
D) Sensory relay to thalamus

Thinking, language, emotion, and adjusting behaviors

What are the three layers external to internal in order.

1.Dura mater

2.Archnoid mater

3.Pia mater

Which area of the brain is responsible for speech production?

A) Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere)
B) Broca’s area (left hemisphere)
C) Right hemisphere nonverbal area
D) Prefrontal cortex

Broca’s area (left hemisphere)

A lesion in Broca’s area causes:

A) Cannot understand words but can speak normally
B) Can understand words but cannot speak
C) Cannot move the right hand
D) Cannot perceive visual stimuli

Can understand words but cannot speak

Which area is responsible for comprehension of spoken and written words?

A) Broca’s area
B) Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere)
C) Right hemisphere
D) Hippocampus

Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere)

Lesions in Wernicke’s area result in:

A) Complete mutism
B) Can speak but words are nonsensible
C) Loss of motor coordination
D) Memory loss only

Can speak but words are nonsensible

The right hemisphere contributes to language by:

A) Producing words
B) Comprehending written words
C) Nonverbal components (tone, gestures, etc.)
D) Storing procedural memory

Nonverbal components (tone, gestures, etc.)

Which type of memory involves facts like names, faces, words, dates?

A) Emotional memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Declarative memory
D) Motor memory

Declarative memory

Which type of memory involves learned skills, e.g., playing piano?

A) Declarative memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Motor memory
D) Emotional memory

Procedural memory

Memory for motor skills, like riding a bike, is called:

A) Declarative memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Motor memory
D) Emotional memory

Motor memory

Memory tied to emotions, such as fear response, is called:

A) Declarative memory
B) Emotional memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Motor memory

Emotional memory

Which brain structures are involved in memory consolidation?

A) Hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, thalamus, prefrontal cortex
B) Cerebellum, pons, medulla
C) Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
D) Basal nuclei only

Hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, thalamus, prefrontal cortex

Which emotional state is most favorable for forming long-term memories?

A) Alert, motivated, surprised, or aroused
B) Sleepy or lethargic
C) Calm and unaroused
D) Stressed but inattentive

Alert, motivated, surprised, or aroused

Which factor helps memory formation through repetition and practice?

A) Emotional state
B) Rehearsal
C) Association
D) Automatic memory

Rehearsal

Memory formation is enhanced by linking new information to old memories, called:

A) Rehearsal
B) Emotional state
C) Association
D) Automatic memory

Association

Subconscious storage of information in long-term memory is called:

A) Rehearsal
B) Association
C) Automatic memory
D) Declarative memory

Automatic memory

An EEG (electroencephalogram) records:

A) Blood flow in the brain
B) Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex
C) Hormone secretion from the hypothalamus
D) Muscle reflex activity

Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex

EEG is used to diagnose:

A) Diabetes and hypertension
B) Epilepsy, sleep disorders, lesions, tumors, brain death
C) Cerebellar ataxia only
D) Language disorders

Epilepsy, sleep disorders, lesions, tumors, brain death

Which brain wave type is 8–13 Hz, regular, rhythmic, low-amplitude, and indicates an idling brain?

A) Beta
B) Alpha
C) Theta
D) Delta

Alpha

Which brain wave type is 14–30 Hz, rhythmic but less regular, and associated with mental alertness?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Beta

Which brain wave type is 4–7 Hz, irregular, common in children, rare in awake adults?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Theta

Which brain wave type is ≤4 Hz, high-amplitude, seen in deep sleep or brain damage if awake?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Delta

Clinically, consciousness involves:

A) Only perception of sensation
B) Perception of sensation, voluntary movement, higher mental processing
C) Only higher mental processing
D) Only voluntary movement

Perception of sensation, voluntary movement, higher mental proces

The continuum of consciousness from alert to coma is:

A) Sleep → awake → alert
B) Alertness → drowsiness/lethargy → stupor → coma
C) Coma → stupor → drowsiness → alert
D) Alert → REM → non-REM → coma

Alertness → drowsiness/lethargy → stupor → coma

Non-REM (slow-wave) sleep is characterized by:

A) Cortical activity depressed, brain stem active
B) Active dreaming
C) Irregular theta waves
D) Loss of all reflexes

Cortical activity depressed, brain stem active

During non-REM sleep, pulses of CSF:

A) Provide nutrients to muscles
B) Sweep through brain, removing waste products
C) Cause motor memory consolidation only
D) Stimulate emotional memor

Sweep through brain, removing waste products

REM sleep is:

A) Deep sleep with depressed cortical activity
B) Active dreaming stage
C) Only found in infants
D) Associated with coma

Active dreaming stage

REM sleep alternates with non-REM sleep and is important for:

A) Vision only
B) Memory consolidation and brain restoration
C) Only motor skill learning
D) Maintaining posture

Memory consolidation and brain restoration

The importance of both REM and non-REM sleep includes:

A) Consolidate new memories and discard unused ones; provide restorative functions
B) Only conserve energy
C) Only restore muscles
D) Only regulate body temperature

Consolidate new memories and discard unused ones; provide restorative functions

Sleep deprivation leads to:

A) Immediate recovery during the next nap only
B) “Catch-up” REM and slow-wave sleep in the next sleep episode
C) Permanent loss of memory
D) Increased alpha waves during wakefulness

“Catch-up” REM and slow-wave sleep in the next sleep episode