Anatomy and Physiology Fall Final Review

What are the four classifications (shapes) of bones?

long, short, flat, irregular

What are some examples of long bones?

femur, tibia, humerus

What does the word “skeleton” mean in Greek?

dried up body

What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeletons?

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

skull, spinal cord, vertebrae

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

limbs (femur, humerus, fibula, tibia)

What is a fontanel?

soft spots in a baby’s skull

Why are the cranial bones not fused at birth?

brain development, to easily pass through the birth canal

What bones compose the shoulder girdle?

clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

What are ossicles and where are the located?

smallest bones located in the ear; includes the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

What are the smallest bones in the body?

ossicles

How many ribs are there?

24 total, which makes 12 pairs

How do you distinguish between a male and female skeleton?

the pelvis width

What do phagocytes do during fracture repair?

remove debris

Greenstick Fracture

incomplete, cracked

Simple Fracture

closed; protected by uninjured skin

Compound Fracture

open; bone is exposed through injured skin (or mucous membrane)

Comminuted Fracture

complete and fragmented (bone is shattered)

Compression Fracture

skull pushed in

Spiral Fracture

caused by excessive twisting of bone

Oblique Fracture

occurs at an angle

What is osteoporosis?

brittle and porous bones

What increases the risk of osteoporosis?

lack of exercise, low calcium, and low vitamin D

What are the general functions of bones?

support, protection, movement, blood cell production

Where is red marrow?

the spongy (cancellous) tissue in the epiphysis

Where is yellow marrow?

located in the medullary cavity in the diaphysis

Where is spongy bone?

located in the ends of bones (epiphysis); consists of branching plates called trabeculae, somewhat flexible, nutrients diffuse through canaliculi (small channel)

Where is compact bone?

in the bone shaft (diaphysis); consists of cylindrical units called osteons; strong and solid, weight-bearing, resists compression

Where is the endosteum?

lines the medullary cavity, the surface of spongy bone, and within the compact bone tissue

Where is the periosteum?

covers the outer surface of all bones

Where is the articular cartilage?

found in the epiphysis

Where is the extracellular matrix?

outside of cells in multicellular organisms, filling the spaces between them

Where is collagen?

gives bone resilience; protein found in all connective tissues, providing structure and support to skin, muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and organs

What are inorganic salts and where are they located?

they make bone hard and are located in the extracellular matrix (not cells)

What is hypercalcemia and what does it cause?

when calcium levels in the blood become too high; can lead to calcium deposits in the vessels or kidneys

Rheumatoid Arthiritis

Gouty Arthiritis

What are the 3 types of bone cells?

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Osteoblasts

bone building cell

Osteoclasts

bone destroying cell

Osteocytes

mature bone cells that occupy chambers called lacunae; they exchange nutrients and wastes via cell processes within tiny passageways calls canaliculi

What is the structural level of organization in the human body?

Atom-Molecule-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism

Is a bone an organ?

Yes, bones are organs

Is the skin an organ?

Yes, skin is an organ

What is osteogenesis and what is ossification?

bone formation

How does the process of osteogenesis/ossification occur?

formation of bony skeleton in embryo, bone growth in childhood, “remodeling” in adults

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis in order from top to bottom?

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum Corneum

horny layer, outermost, contains keratinized, dead “horny” cells

Stratum Lucidum

clear layer; thin, transparent band in thick skin only

Stratum Granulosum

granular layer; thin region where keratinization begins

Stratum Spinosum

spiny later; along with basal layer generates epidermal growth

Stratum Basale

basal layer; 25% of cells are melanoocytes (produce melanin-a brown pigment)

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

keratinized epithelial tissue

What type of tissue makes up the dermis?

dense, irregular connective tissue

Which layer of the skin is vascular?

the dermis

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

papillary and reticular

Papillary Layer

thin, superficial, heavily invested with blood vessels, source of freedom

Reticular Layer

thicker, source of tension lines

Sebaceous gland

oil glands, found all over except palms and soles, secrete sebum (oil) for lubrication and to moisturize

Sudoriferous gland

sweat gland, 2.5 million all over the body, helps regulate body temperature

Arrector pili muscle

surround each hair, contraction will pull hair upright causing “goosebumps”

Hypodermis

bottom layer of skin consisting of fat

Hair Shaft

projects from skin; 3 layers are medulla, cortex, cuticle

Hair Root

embedded in skin

Pore

Adipose tissue

Subcutaneous layer

Goosebumps

What are some examples of flat bones?

skull, ribs

What are some examples of short bones?

patella, carpals

What are some examples of irregular bones?

vertebrae, mandible, maxilla

What is step 1 of fracture repair?

a hematoma (large blood clot) forms

What is step 2 of fracture repair?

cartilagenous callus forms when phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage (white blood cells) invades

What is step 3 of fracture repair?

bony callus forms when osteoblasts invade and hard callus fills space

What is step 4 of fracture repair?

bone remodeling: bone is restored to its original shape

What are long bones?

long and narrow, have expanded ends

What are short bones?

cubelike, length=width, include sesamoid (round) bones that are embedded in tendons

What are flat bones?

platelike, with broad surfaces

What are irregular bones?

variety of shapes, most are connected to other bones

Describe 1st degree burns

only epidermis is burned; painful

Describe 2nd degree burns

epidermis and upper region of dermis burned; causes blisters and very painful

Describe 3rd degree burns

entire thickness of skin burned, area is black or white, not painful

What does UV light do to our skin in terms of melanin?

triggers skin cells to produce more melanin

Decubitus Ulcer

bedsore, comes from sitting for extended periods of time

What are the 3 most common types of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

least malignant of skin cancers, affects cells of stratum basale layer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

affects cells of stratum spinosum, cells spread through lymph

Melanoma

most malignant, can be deadly; cancer of melanocytes

What does anatomy mean?

to cut apart

What does physiology mean?

study of physical (natural) order

Gross Anatomy

study of large body structures

Microscopic Anatomy

study of body’s cells and tissues

Systemic Anatomy

gross anatomy is studied by system

Regional Anatomy

all structures in a region are studied

What are the important tools for studying anatomy?

observation, manipulation, mastery of anatomical terms

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end of upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of