chapter 3 microbio

 Name two prokaryotic domains.

archea and bacteria

Do prokaryotic organisms contain membrane-bound organelles: 

no

Are prokaryotes multicellular, unicellular, or can be both?

unicellular only

What does it mean if a bacterium is pleomorphic?:

It can take on different forms which enhances survival

How do most prokaryotes obtain nutrients?:

Through diffusion ( ex. Sugar cube soaking up dye)

Know the prokaryote shapes and arrangements presented in Figure 3.5 Prokaryotic Shapes and Arrangements:

Coccus- shaped/ circle shape ( single, diplo, strep/chain, staph/cluster), Bacillus shaped/line-shaped ( single, diplo, strep/chain, palisades/cluster)

What reproduction process is used by most prokaryotes? Is the process sexual or asexual?

Asexually through binary fission (kinda like mitosis)

What is the core component of a cell walls?: 

 peptidoglycan/murein, contains protein and sugar components

What is the core component of archaea cell walls?

 one or more layers of pseudopeptidoglycan or pseudomurein

 Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan that is surrounded by an outer membrane.

What molecule enriches the outer membrane?

glycolipid called lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which part of lipopolysaccharide is an endotoxin?

Lipid A

Where in the body would you find enteric bacteria?”

intestinal tract

What is lysozyme? 

It is an antibacterial enzyme abundant in tears, mucus, and saliva

What is the physical reason why Gram-negative bacteria are not as susceptible to penicillin as Gram- positive organisms are?:

Porins aka protein channels that form a pore into the outer membrane

What two genera are the best-known examples of acid-fast bacteria? (“genera” is the plural form of “genus”)

nocardia and mycobacterium

what is the difference between active and passive transport

active is transport requiring energy - passive is transport without energy investment

what is diffusion? is it an active or passive process?

the simplest form of exchange between cells and their environment, diffusion is passive.

what is the difference between simple diffussion and facilitated diffusion?

simples diffusion does not require energy or assistance from carriers or transporters and facilitated diffusion does not require energy by uses transport proteins

what is osmosis? is it an active or passive process

osmosis is a passive process that involves a selective barrier,

what is the function of flagella

bacteria with a tail that propel movement/mobility(sperm)

define chemotaxis and phototaxis

chemotaxis: movement in response to a chemical stimulus

phototaxis: movement in response to light

what is the function of fimbriae and pili?

fimbriae is made of protein, short bristle type structure that extrude from a cells surface to help prokaryotes stick to each other

pili: more longer rigid, less numerous and aid in gene transfer

what are two ways that a bacterial capsule increase pathogenicity of the bacteria?

it promotes adhesion to host tissue and provides protection against hos immune cells by interfering with phagocytosis

what is the main molecule contained in the nucleoid region of a bacteria?

DNA/Prokaryotic DNA

what is the function of ribosomes?

to build proteins by linking together amino acids

how are prokaryotic ribosomes different than eukaryotic ribosomes? What is the sedimentation rate of complete prokaryotic and complete eukaryotic ribosomes?

prokaryotic ribosomes have lower overall mass and diameter than eukaryotic ribosomes

complete prokaryotic rate is 70s and complete eukaryotic is 80S (svedberg unites)

what property of chloroplasts and mitochondria support the endosymbiotic theory

the ribosomes of both are 70S

what are inclusion bodies and what is their function?

they are distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells, built in time of excess to use later during metabolic processes

How do endospores differ from vegetative cells?

Vegetative cells are actively growing, endospores become these cells when conditions are favorable