3 - Rogers - Bandura - Skinner - Rotter and Mischel

Carl Rogers

Person-Centered Theory proponent

formative tendency

carl rogers

believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

For the entire universe, a creative process, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation.

Actualizing Tendency

tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials

Actualizing Tendency

This tendency is the only motive people possess.

congruent, or authentic, and who demonstrates empathy and unconditional positive regard

People must be involved in a relationship with a partner who is

Actualization tendency

refers to organismic experiences of the individual; that is, it refers to the whole person—conscious and unconscious, physiological and cognitive.

Self-actualization

the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness

self-concept

all those aspects of one's being and one's experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Ideal Self

second subsystem of the self

Ideal Self

it is described as one's view of self as one wishes to be.

incongruence

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates _________________and an unhealthy personality

*Q-Sort

A Personality Test used to measure difference between ideal self and real self

Albert Bandura

Social Cognitive Theory proponent

Bandura

places more emphasis on observational learning

observational learning

individuals can learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional responses by watching others rather than through direct experience alone.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning

Social Cognitive Theory,

(cognitive factors in learning)

which posits that learning is not solely behavioral but involves mental processes like observation, information processing, and self-efficacy.

modeling

observational learning

cognitive factors in learning

You watch someone get praised for a study method. You think, "If that works for them, it might work for me," and try it.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

(reciprocal determinism - all three affect each other)

human activity is a function of behavior and person variables, as well as the environment

Triarchic Reciprocal Causation

Reciprocal Determinism

A model which holds that human functioning is molded by the reciprocal interaction of (1) behavior; (2) person variables, including cognition; and (3) environmental events

Triarchic Reciprocal Causation

Reciprocal Determinism also called

self system

set of cognitive structures

Gives some degree of consistency to people's behavior

Self efficacy

people's beliefs that they can or cannot exercise those behaviors necessary to bring about a desired consequence

1. mastery experiences

2. social modeling

3. social persuasion

4. physical and emotional states

Four sources of human agency

mastery experiences

◦ past performances

◦ Successful performances, individual achievements

◦ Failure decreases it if person gave his best

social modeling

vicarious experiences or observing someone of equal ability succeed or fail at a task

social persuasion

◦ listening to a trusted person's encouraging words

◦ power of persuasion depends on the status & authority of persuade

physical and emotional states

◦ anxiety or fear usually lowers self-efficacy

◦ Strong emotion lowers performance; Emotions must be optimal (moderate)

self-efficacy

proxy agency

collective efficacy

under human agencies (in a mode)

human agencies

self-regulation

self-evaluation

under self-system

Collective efficacy

is the level of confidence that people have that their combined efforts will produce social change.

b.f. skinner

behavioral analysis

L. Thorndike

John Watson

Precursors to Skinner's Scientific Behaviorism

John Watson

argued that psychology must deal with the control and prediction of behavior

behavior

is the basic data of scientific psychology - not introspection, consciousness, or the mind

accdng to John Watson

goal of psychology is to study sensation, perception, and imagery

E.L. Thorndike's law of effect

stated that responses followed by a satisfier tend to be learned, a concept that anticipated Skinner's use of positive reinforcement to shape behavior

thinking, foresight, and reasoning

According to Skinner, internal mental states such as _______, _______, and ______ exist, but should not be used to explain behavior.

Skinner

believed that behavioral analysis should interpret behavior but not explain it.

Skinner

believed the most crucial aspect of science is an attitude that values empirical observation.

personality

accdng to Skinner

as a unified repertoire of responses.

successive approximations

or Shaping

is a procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself.

successive approximations

is a procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself.

Reinforcement

increase likelihood of behavior

Punishment

decrease likelihood of behavior

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

increasing a behavior by administering a reward

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulus following a behavior

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

decreasing behavior by removing a positive stimulus

Fixed Interval

reinforcement is presented after a fixed amount of time

Variable Interval

reinforcement is delivered on a random/variable time schedule

Fixed Ratio

reinforcement presented after a fixed # of responses

Variable Ratio

= reinforcement given after every nth response on the average

Rotter and Mischel

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Behavior Potential

The possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place.

Behavioral Potential

can be predicted when reinforcement value is held constant and expectancy varies.

ex. of behavioral potential

As Megan walks toward a restaurant, she has several behavioral potentials. She might pass by without noticing the restaurant; actively ignore it; stop to eat; think about stopping to eat, but go on; examine the building and contents with a consideration to purchase it; or stop, go inside, and rob the cashier. For Megan, in this situation, the potential for some of these behaviors would approach zero, some would be very likely, and others would be in between these extremes. How can a person predict which behaviors are most or least likely to occur?

Actualizing Tendency