Auburn Thorax & Axial Skeleton (Canine/Feline)

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering vertebral anatomy, thoracic skeletal structures, muscles, pleura, neurovascular anatomy, and cardiac landmarks relevant to the canine/feline thorax.

The vertebral formula for the dog and cat is o , __.

Cd20

When articulated, vertebral notches form __ through which spinal nerves emerge.

intervertebral foramina

The atlas (C1) articulates with the skull at the __ joint.

atlanto-occipital

Side-to-side rotation of the head occurs at the __ joint.

atlanto-axial

The peg-like eminence on the axis (C2) is called the __.

dens

Cervical vertebrae C3-C6 have transverse foramina, but __ lacks them.

C7

The first nine thoracic vertebrae are characterized by long __ processes.

spinous

Heads of the first 10 pairs of ribs articulate with costal foveae of __ vertebral bodies.

two adjacent

Caudal to T10, each rib articulates with only __ vertebral body.

one

Lumbar vertebrae have long transverse processes that extend in a __ direction.

cranial

The surgical procedure to relieve spinal cord pressure by removing part of the lamina is a __.

hemilaminectomy

The sacrum consists of __ fused sacral vertebrae.

three

Openings on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the sacrum for spinal nerves are called __.

sacral foramina

The large cranial eminence of the sacrum palpable per rectum is the __.

sacral promontory

The vertebral canal ends at about caudal vertebra __.

Cd7

There are usually __ pairs of ribs in the dog.

13

Ribs 9-12 form the __, a ventral cartilaginous arch.

costal arch

The ventral cartilage-to-bone junction of a rib is the __ junction.

costochondral

Ribs articulating directly with the sternum are called __ ribs.

sternaI (true)

The sternum has eight sternebrae; the first is the manubrium and the last bears the __ cartilage.

xiphoid

The broad muscle layer on the caudoventral thoracic wall is the __ muscle.

external abdominal oblique

The major muscle of inspiration that separates thorax and abdomen is the __.

diaphragm

Muscles such as scalenus, rectus thoracis, serratus ventralis (caudal part), serratus dorsalis cranialis, and external intercostals function primarily in __.

inspiration

The internal intercostal muscles chiefly assist with __.

expiration

The thin membrane lining the inside of the thoracic wall is the __ pleura.

costal

The fold of pleura attaching the lung to the mediastinum is the __ ligament.

pulmonary

Where diaphragmatic pleura reflects onto the costal wall it forms the __ line.

line of pleural reflection

Thoracentesis must be performed __ to the line of pleural reflection.

cranial

The left 4th intercostal space is a common surgical entry site into the __ cavity.

thoracic

The indented area of the lungs near the heart where auscultation is possible without lung tissue is the __.

cardiac notch

On the right lung, the lobe that hooks around the caudal vena cava is the __ lobe.

accessory

The thoracic duct empties into the __ vein cranial to the first rib.

left jugular

Accumulation of chyle in the pleural cavity due to duct rupture is called __.

chylothorax

The phrenic nerve arises from spinal nerves __ and innervates the diaphragm.

C5–C7

The parasympathetic nerve traveling with the sympathetic trunk in the neck is the __ trunk.

vagosympathetic

The loop of sympathetic fibers around the subclavian artery is the __.

ansa subclavia

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the __ before ascending the trachea.

aortic arch

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the __ artery.

right subclavian

Excess fluid in the pericardial sac causing muffled heart sounds is termed __.

cardiac tamponade

From superficial to deep, the “pericardium” consists of mediastinal pleura, __ pericardium, and parietal serous pericardium.

fibrous

The fetal ductus arteriosus becomes the adult __.

ligamentum arteriosum

The depression in the right atrium that marks the former fetal foramen ovale is the __.

fossa ovalis

Cusps of atrioventricular valves are tethered to papillary muscles by __.

chordae tendineae

Muscular ridges lining ventricular walls are called __.

trabeculae carneae

A conduction band spanning ventricle to septum is a __ septomarginalis.

trabecula

The right A-V valve is best auscultated at the right 4th intercostal space at the __ junction.

costochondral

The pulmonic valve sound is heard at the __ intercostal space at the costochondral junction on the left.

left 3rd

The left A-V (mitral) valve is auscultated at the left __ intercostal space at the costochondral junction.

5th

The aortic valve sound is loudest at the left 4th intercostal space at the level of the __.

point of the shoulder

Compared with the right ventricle, the left ventricular wall is __.

thicker

The coronary groove separates the atria from the __.

ventricles

Blood from the myocardium drains into the right atrium via the __ sinus.

coronary

The vertebral artery travels through the __ foramina of cervical vertebrae to supply the brain.

transverse

Incisions extended too ventrally in an intercostal space risk severing the __ artery.

internal thoracic

The sympathetic trunk ganglia are connected to spinal nerves via __ communicantes.

rami

The diaphragm receives motor innervation from the phrenic nerve and is therefore __ (not autonomic) control.

somatic

The cranial extension of the pleural sac beyond the thoracic inlet is the pleural __.

cupula