Biology Chapter 12: Section 12.2

those in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person (directly or indirectly)

communicable disease

caused by microorganisms that are not transferred from one person to another

noncommnicable diseases

disease caused by bacteria, such as plague, pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, and leprosy

bacterial diseases

disease caused by viruses, such as the common cold, influenza, rabies, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and viral pneumonia

viral diseases

diseases caused by protozoa, such as African sleeping sickness, malaria, and amoebic dysentery

protozoal diseases

disease caused by fungi, such as athlete’s foot and ringworm

mycotic diseases

diseases caused by roundworms, tapeworms, or flukes, such as trichinosis, and hookworm

helminthic diseases

microscopic, unicellular (one-celled) creatures; some of the most widespread organisms in all of God’s creation

bacteria

having cells with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

eukaryotes

the genetic material is clumped in a dense region of the cell called the nucleoid

prokaryotes

can be exchanged among bacteria and very often contain the genes that make bacteria resistant to antibiotics

plasmids

what bacteria cell walls are made out of

peptidoglycan

“slime layer” outside of the cell wall

glycocalyx

protect the bacteria from dying out and help shield them from attack by viruses

capsules

capable of motion

motile

anchored at the basal body and driven by reversible rotary motors

flagella

spherical bacteria that usually grow in clusters or chains

cocci

rod-shaped bacteria

bacilli

spiral-shaped bacteria

spirilla

means “a bunch of grapes” in greek

staphylo

means “turned” or “twisted” in Greek

strepto

causes such scourges as leprosy and tuberculosis, and bacteria of the genus Salmonella

mycobacterium

cause food poisoning and typhoid fever

salmonella

common intestinal bacillus; pathogenic and can cause a form of food poisoning

escherichia coli

able to make their own food

autotrophic

unable to make their own food

heterotrophic

in which iron, sulfur, or nitrogen compounds take the place of sunlight, water, or carbon dioxide in the food-making process

chemosynthesis

bacteria reproduce rapidly by an asexual process

binary fission

identical to other bacteria in structure but reproduce only inside other living cells

rickettsiae

internal “life-support” capsule

endospore

bacteria that live where air is present and obtain oxygen from the air

aerobic bacteria

bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen

anaerobic bacteria

every infectious disease is caused by a specific germ

germ concept of disease

was experimenting with the bacteria he suspected of causing anthrax, which was a great killer of cattle and sheep

robert koch

a scientist who studies bacteria

bacteriologist

a french chemist and microbiologist, applied scientific theory to the practical problems of industry and medicine

louis pasteur

a molecule of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a geometric protein structure called a capsid

virus

scientists who study viruses

virologists

single-celled animals

protozoa

skin conditions caused by fungal infections; they are characterized by red, inflamed, and flaking skin can cause great discomfort unless treated

athlete’s foot and ringworm

result from fungal infection of the scalp by the yeast Malassezia furfur

dandruff

caused by water droplets, such as those discharged during a sneeze or a cough; microscopic droplets are also created by the vocal cords during talking and singing

droplet infection

a person who displays no symptoms of a disease but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others

carrier

an animal that transmits infection

vector

spread by sexual relations

sexually transmitted diseases

when pathogens enter the body of a human and grow there

infection

pathogens require a period of development before their presence produces signs or symptoms of disease

incubation period

when a disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population

epidemic

an epidemic that affects a large portion of the earth

pandemic

be used to prevent the spread of diseases

vaccination

a substance that stimulates your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease

vaccine

if enough people in an area are vaccinated against a particular disease, outbreaks of the disease will quickly subside because the disease will infect enough new victims to sustain itself

herd immunity

a Hungarian doctor, was the first physician to realize that handwashing prevented the spread of diseases among patients in hospitals

Ignaz Semmelweis

was the British doctor who established the use of antiseptics, chemicals that kill bacteria and help prevent infections

Joseph Lister