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those in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person (directly or indirectly)
communicable disease
caused by microorganisms that are not transferred from one person to another
noncommnicable diseases
disease caused by bacteria, such as plague, pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, and leprosy
bacterial diseases
disease caused by viruses, such as the common cold, influenza, rabies, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and viral pneumonia
viral diseases
diseases caused by protozoa, such as African sleeping sickness, malaria, and amoebic dysentery
protozoal diseases
disease caused by fungi, such as athlete’s foot and ringworm
mycotic diseases
diseases caused by roundworms, tapeworms, or flukes, such as trichinosis, and hookworm
helminthic diseases
microscopic, unicellular (one-celled) creatures; some of the most widespread organisms in all of God’s creation
bacteria
having cells with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
eukaryotes
the genetic material is clumped in a dense region of the cell called the nucleoid
prokaryotes
can be exchanged among bacteria and very often contain the genes that make bacteria resistant to antibiotics
plasmids
what bacteria cell walls are made out of
peptidoglycan
“slime layer” outside of the cell wall
glycocalyx
protect the bacteria from dying out and help shield them from attack by viruses
capsules
capable of motion
motile
anchored at the basal body and driven by reversible rotary motors
flagella
spherical bacteria that usually grow in clusters or chains
cocci
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
spiral-shaped bacteria
spirilla
means “a bunch of grapes” in greek
staphylo
means “turned” or “twisted” in Greek
strepto
causes such scourges as leprosy and tuberculosis, and bacteria of the genus Salmonella
mycobacterium
cause food poisoning and typhoid fever
salmonella
common intestinal bacillus; pathogenic and can cause a form of food poisoning
escherichia coli
able to make their own food
autotrophic
unable to make their own food
heterotrophic
in which iron, sulfur, or nitrogen compounds take the place of sunlight, water, or carbon dioxide in the food-making process
chemosynthesis
bacteria reproduce rapidly by an asexual process
binary fission
identical to other bacteria in structure but reproduce only inside other living cells
rickettsiae
internal “life-support” capsule
endospore
bacteria that live where air is present and obtain oxygen from the air
aerobic bacteria
bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic bacteria
every infectious disease is caused by a specific germ
germ concept of disease
was experimenting with the bacteria he suspected of causing anthrax, which was a great killer of cattle and sheep
robert koch
a scientist who studies bacteria
bacteriologist
a french chemist and microbiologist, applied scientific theory to the practical problems of industry and medicine
louis pasteur
a molecule of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a geometric protein structure called a capsid
virus
scientists who study viruses
virologists
single-celled animals
protozoa
skin conditions caused by fungal infections; they are characterized by red, inflamed, and flaking skin can cause great discomfort unless treated
athlete’s foot and ringworm
result from fungal infection of the scalp by the yeast Malassezia furfur
dandruff
caused by water droplets, such as those discharged during a sneeze or a cough; microscopic droplets are also created by the vocal cords during talking and singing
droplet infection
a person who displays no symptoms of a disease but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others
carrier
an animal that transmits infection
vector
spread by sexual relations
sexually transmitted diseases
when pathogens enter the body of a human and grow there
infection
pathogens require a period of development before their presence produces signs or symptoms of disease
incubation period
when a disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population
epidemic
an epidemic that affects a large portion of the earth
pandemic
be used to prevent the spread of diseases
vaccination
a substance that stimulates your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease
vaccine
if enough people in an area are vaccinated against a particular disease, outbreaks of the disease will quickly subside because the disease will infect enough new victims to sustain itself
herd immunity
a Hungarian doctor, was the first physician to realize that handwashing prevented the spread of diseases among patients in hospitals
Ignaz Semmelweis
was the British doctor who established the use of antiseptics, chemicals that kill bacteria and help prevent infections
Joseph Lister