Transportation in Organisms -. Cardiovascular + Plants

What is the function of the arteries?

Bring blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body (normally oxygenated) - w/ exception of the pulmonary artery (its deoxygenated)

What is the function of the capillaries?

Allow material exchange (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients & waste products) between blood and tissues through permeable walls

What is the function of the veins?

Veins return low-pressure, usually deoxygenated blood from tissues to the atria of the heart; valves prevent backflow. - w/ exception of the pulmonary vein (has oxygenated blood)

What is the structure of the arteries walls?

Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibres in their thick walls

What is the structure of the veins?

Veins have less musclular tissue & a wider diameter & that means that the pressure is lower

Compare the structures of the arteries, veins, capillaries

-Arteries: Thick walls with muscle and elastic fibers & a narrow diameter to withstand high pressure. -Capillaries: One-cell-thick permeable walls for easy exchange of substances. -Veins: Thin walls with valves to aid low-pressure blood flow (because it has a wider diameter) and prevent backflow.

Explain the cardiac cycle (path of blood flow through the heart) -> also label the areas

(note: the heart is a double pump) -> refer to picture

What are the components of blood?

-plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets

What does blood transport?

nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers (such as hormones), and proteins

What is the function of the Xylem? (transport)

transports water from the roots up the stem of the plant

What is the function of the Phloem? (transport)

Transports sugars up and down the stem of the plant

What is translocation?

Movement of sugars through the phloem

Leaf anatomy (stomata, mesophyll, etc.) -> mainly need to know that water transports all the way to the leaves & leaves take in CO2 & release O2 via the stomata

refer to picture

What is the function of the stomata?

Regulates gas exchange between the plant and its environment, and controls water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pores.

What do Guard cells do?

Regulate the opening and closing of stomata

Explain the plants loss of water through stomata (transpiration)

Water diffuses through stomata along the water potential gradient

Factors that can affect the size of the stomatal pores/ rate of transpiration

humidity, temperature, & strong winds

What is photosynthesis?

Converts CO2 and water into glucose using light.

Explain photosynthesis rate (measured & its increase to certain amount w/ 'x' factors) & limiting factors

Rate measurment → can be measured by the amount of oxygen produced, the uptake of carbon dioxide

Limiting Factors:

Light intensity effect on rate:

- Increased light intensity boosts the rate of photosynthesis to a certain point.

- Beyond a certain level, the rate no longer increases as other factors become limiting

Saturation Point:

- The rate plateaus (no major changes) when light intensity reaches a level where

chloroplasts are working at maximum capacity

Temperature

effect on rate:

- Photosynthesis involves enzymes that function optimally within a specific temperature range

- Low temperatures slow down enzymatic activity, reducing the rate of photosynthesis.

- High temperatures can denature enzymes, also reducing the rate.

Optimal range:

- Each plant has an optimal temperature range where photosynthesis is most efficient.

Carbon Dioxide Concentration effect on rate: reactant

become limiting

- Higher CO2 concentrations can increase the rate of photosynthesis, as CO2 is a key

- Similar to light intensity, the rate increases to a point, then plateaus when other factors

Limitation:

- At low CO2 levels, the rate of photosynthesis is reduced as there is insufficient CO2 for

the Calvin cycle.

Pressure Flow Hypothesis

Sugars create pressure differences in phloem