CHAPTER 9 EXTENDED

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the lecture notes covering genetic networks and the evolution of traits.

Hox Genes

A set of transcription factor genes that determine segment identity in metazoans.

Promoter Region

An upstream section of DNA where proteins bind to initiate gene transcription.

Pleiotropic Effects

When a single mutation affects multiple traits.

Regulatory Networks

A system of interacting genes and proteins that controls gene activation.

Gene Duplication

The process where a gene is copied, potentially leading to novel functions.

Gene Control Regions

Sections of DNA that regulate gene transcription.

Complex Adaptations

Phenotypic traits requiring multiple mutations for a functional advantage.

Cis-Regulatory Region

The non-coding section of DNA that regulates the expression of nearby genes.

Antennapedia Mutant

A Drosophila mutation causing legs to develop on the head instead of antennae.

Convergent Evolution

Independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages due to similar selection pressures.

Parallel Evolution

Independent evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages starting from a similar ancestral condition.

Deep Homology

Development of traits in different lineages from mechanisms inherited from a common ancestor.

Snake Venom

A complex adaptation resulting from gene duplication and co-option of proteins.

Promiscuous Proteins

Proteins capable of performing multiple functions, often leading to novel traits.

Developmental Genes

Genes that influence the development and morphology of an organism.

Single-Cell Genomic Approaches

Techniques used to analyze the genetic composition of individual cells.

Dorsal-Ventral Patterning

The spatial arrangement of body structures along the dorsal-ventral axis, conserved in various species.

Opsins

Proteins that bind to light-reactive chemicals for vision and other light-mediated responses.

Crystallins

Water-soluble structural proteins found in the lens and cornea of the eye.

Neurogenetic Approaches

Methods that utilize genetic tools to study nervous system function and behavior.

Glial Phagocytic Competence

The ability of glial cells to clear debris in the nervous system.

E. coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment

A study tracking genetic changes in E. coli populations since 1988.

Citrate Metabolism

An evolved trait allowing E. coli to metabolize citrate in aerobic conditions.

Molecular Basis of Adaptation

Genetic changes that provide functional advantages in a new environment.

Morphological Traits

Physical characteristics that result from genetic expression and environmental interaction.

Transcription Factors

Proteins that help initiate or regulate the transcription of genes.

Experimental Evolution

A field of study that examines evolution through controlled experimental conditions.

Gene Recruitment

The repurposing of existing genes for new functions.

Hoxd13 in Zebrafish

A gene whose late expression can induce limb-like structures in fish.

Bacterial Defensive Proteins

Proteins evolved from ancestral genes for defense against pathogens.

Environmental Selection Pressure

Natural forces that influence which traits are advantageous for survival.

Transcriptional Output

The resulting RNA products of gene transcription influencing cellular function.

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

A condition where a single gene affects multiple traits, which may be beneficial for one but detrimental for another.

Evolutionary Convergence

The evolution of similar traits independently in different lineages.

Drosophila Eye Development

The genetic mechanisms and processes involved in forming the Drosophila eye.

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

A structure that stimulates growth in limb development.

Regulatory Mutation

A genetic change that affects the expression of a gene without altering its protein product.

Biological Circuit

A specific network of interacting biological components that regulate functions.

Mammalian Limb Development

The progression of limb formation in mammals from basic structures.

Experimental Evidence

Data or findings obtained through organized tests or investigations.