SATURATED HYDROCARBON

Carbon

in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, forms the basis for millions of organic compounds.

Carbon atom

is central to all organic compounds. It usually forms four covalent.

Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory

• states that electron pair repel each other because they have like charges.

• the electron pairs will try to spread out as far as possible around an atom.

Molecular models 

models are often used in organic chemistry to illustrate molecules. 

Structural formulas 

• are arrangement of atoms with the molecules is clearly shown. 

• are often shortened into condensed structural formula

Functional groups 

members of each class compounds contain a characteristic atom or group of atoms.

part of a larger molecule

Hydrocarbons

are compounds that are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds. 

Aliphatic

do not contain a benzene ring

Aromatic

contain a benzene ring.

Alkanes

also known as paraffins or saturated hydrocarbons are straight-or branched chains hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms. 

Homologous series

• when each member of a series differs from the next member by a CH2 group.

• they are similar in structure, but a regular difference in formula.

Sigma bond

• a c-c and c-h single bond result from the overlap of sp3 orbitals. 

• it exists if the electron lies on a straight line drawn between the nuclei of the bonded atoms. 

Alkane Molecules

have a relatively low boiling points compared with other organic compounds of similar molar mass.

Isomerism

the phenomenon of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of their atoms.

IUPAC

Is systemic, generally unambiguous and internationally accepted.

Alkyl groups

the name of the group is formed from the name of the corresponding alkane simply dropping -ane and substituting -yle ending. 

Oxidation

• one of the most important carbon reactions.

• when carbon atoms are oxidized, they often form a additional bonds to oxygen. 

Reduction

when carbon atoms are reduced, they often form additional bonds to hydrogen

substitution reaction

If, in a reaction one atom in a molecule is exchanged by another atom or group of atoms.

Elimination reaction

is a reaction in which a single reactant is split into two products, and one of the products is eliminated.

Addition Reaction

two reactants adding together to form a single product. Can be though of as the reverse of an elimination.

Halogenation

a halogen is substituted for a hydrocarbon

Alkyl Halides 

the formula RX indicate a halogen atom attached to an alkyl group and represents the class of compounds known as alkyhalides 

Dehydrogenation

hydrogen is lost from an organic compound

Natural gas

is formed by the anaerobic decay of plants and animals 

petroleum 

also called ‘‘crude oil’’, consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons and is formed by the decomposition of plants and animals of years.

Cycloalkanes

• their names are formed by adding the prefix cyclo to the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.