RadPatho quiz 1

Pathology

• is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems.

Disease

• Any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury.

Signs and Symptoms

Diseases thay be hereditary or may result from a broad spectrum of traumatic, infectious, vascular, "or metabolic processes manifesting as a set of characteristics known as …..

Signs

• is an objective manifestation that is detected by the physician during examination.

Symptoms

• Refers to the patient's perception of the disease.

• _ are subjective, and only the patient can identify these manifestations.

• For example, a headache is considered a _

Asymptomatic

• A patient showing no evidence of diseases is considered

Symptoms

• The experiences the patient feels and describes

• those (subjective) manifestations that are not measurable or observable

Iatrogenic reactions

• Are adverse responses to medical treatment itself (e.g., a collapsed lung that occurs in response to a complication that arises during arterial line placement)

Idiopathic

• A term to a disease if there is no causative factor can be identified

Acute

• Diseases that have a quick onset and last for a short period

• Example: Pneumonia

Sclerosis

• Diseases may manifest more slowly and last for a very long time.

• Example: Multiple sclerosis

Prognosis

• Describes the expected patient outcome

Nosocomial

• Incidences of the development of infections at the acute care facility

Community acquired

• Infections that develop outside the healthcare facility

Epidemiology

is the investigation of disease in large groups.

Prevalence

• refers to the number of cases found in a given population.

Incidence

• refers to the number of new cases found in a given period.

Atrophy

• is a generalized decrease in cell size.

Hypertrophy

• is a generalized increase in cell size.

Hyperplasia

• is an increase in the number of cells in tissue as a result of excessive proliferation.

Metaplasia

• Is the conversion of one cell type into another cell type that is not normal for that tissue

Dysplasia

• Refers to abnormal changes of mature cells.

Congenital Disease

• Diseases present af birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors.

• A major category of congenital diseases is caused by abnormalities in the number and distribution of chromosomes.

• Ex: Down syndrome

Hereditary Disease

• Are caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors.

• Dominant
  transmitted by a single gene from either parent)

• Recessive
  (transmitted by both parents to an offspring

Inflammatory Disease

Result from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent

infective, toxic, and allergic diseases

Type of inflammatory Diseases

Infective Disease

• Results from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Toxic Diseases

• Are caused by poisoning by biologic substances, and allergic diseases are an overreaction of the body's own defense

Inflammatory reaction

Is a generalized pathologic process that is nonspecific to the agent causing the injury

Infections

• Refers to an inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism.

• Under favorable conditions, the invading pathogenic agent multiplies and causes injurious effects.

Debridement

• Removal of dead cells and materials

Virulence

• Refers to the ease with which an organism can overcome body defenses.

Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis

Examples-of Degenerative Disease

Metabolic Diease

o Is the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body.

• Diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body.

• Example:

• Endocrine disorders; diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism and disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance

Diuretics

substances that promote the excretion of salt and water.

Dehydration

• is the most common disturbance of fluid balance. It is caused by insufficient intake of water or excessive loss of it.

Traumatic Disease

• Result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body.

• Disorders resulting from extreme hot or cold temperatures, for example, burns and frostbite are also classified as traumatic.

Fracture

• A trauma that injure a bone

Wound

• An injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the skin (soft tissue)

• Bruise or confusion

• Bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of a capillary rupture

Neoplastic Disease

results in new, abnormal tissue growth.

• Cell are classified as either differentiated or undifferentiated, depending on the resemblance of the new cells to the original cells in the host organ or site.

Proliferation

• Refers to cell division

Differentation

• Refers to the process of cellular specialization

Differentiated

• If the differences are small

• Has a low probability for malignancy

Poorly differentiated or Undifferentiated

• If the cells exhibit atypical characteristics

• Have a higher probability of malignancy

Benign neoplasm

• Composed of well-differentiated cells with uncontrolled growth.

• Remains localized and is generally noninvasive.

Malignant neoplasm

• Exhibits the loss of control of both cell proliferation and cell differentiation, which changes its functional capabilities.

• Grow at a faster rate compared with benign neoplasms and tend to spread and invade other tissues

Hematogenous spread

• If the cancerous cells invade the circulatory system, they may be spread via blood vessels,

Lymphatic spread

• They may spread via the lymphatic system

Sentinal Node

• Lymph node into which the primary neoplasm drains

Invasion

• If the cancerous cells spread into surrounding tissue by virtue of the proximity of the areas

Seeding

• If the cancerous cells travel to a distant site or distant organ system

Lesion

Is a term used to describe the many types of cellular change that may occur in response to disease.

• TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) system

• Emerged in the 1950s and is now considered a recognized standard and is endorsed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

• Based on the premise that cancers of similar histology or origin are similar in their patterns of grow or extension.

Etiology

Study of the cause of the disease process

Phagocytosis

These white blood cells cross the capillary walls into the injured tissues, where they engulf and enzymatically digest infecting organ- isms and cellular debris, a process called

Granulation tissue

A fibrous scar replaces the area of destroyed tissue with

abscess

localized encapsulated pus collection

Bacteremia

pyogens invading blood vessels

-involves other organs

Edema

abnormal fluid amount in intercellular tissue spaces

Pleural effusions

abnormal fluid amount in pleural space of the lungs

Pericardial effusion

abnormal fluid amount in pericardial cavity (space around the heart)

Peritoneal ascites

excessive fluid in the abdomen

Ischemia

refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ,

Infarct

is a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage.

Myocardial and Pulmonary

The two most common clinical forms of infarction are

Gangrene

In cases in which ischemia continues to progress, resulting in an infarction, necrosis may occur as a result of lack of blood flow. This progressive situation can lead to a condition

called

Pyogenic Bacteria

leads to the production of a thick, yellow fluid called pus, which contains dead white blood cells, inflammatory exu- date, and bacteria.