Ch20 Textbook

Whom was Toussaint betrayed by?

His brother-in-law and French army commander, General Leclerc

At the end of the 18th century, who found Enlightenment ideals influential?

creole elites

Who were the Creole elites?

descendants of Europeans who became permanent inhabitants of Latin America

Did Creole elites like the ideas of law, free trade, and free press?

Yes

Who were some sons of Creoles?

Simon Bolivar and José de San Martín

Did Simon Bolivar and José de San Martín become leaders of the independent movement, and go to school and gain ideas of enlightenment

Yes

Who resented the domination of their trade by Spain and Portugal.

Latin America elites and merchants

________ ________ began denouncing Iberian monarchs and peninsulars (Spanish and Portugese offices in Latin America for political and economic gain)

creole elites

Latin America became independent thanks to _________

Bonaparte

What was happening in Mexico?

They created the overthrow peninsulars

Who was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla?

He was the hero of the Mexican War of Independence. He got local indians and mestizos who were suffering to free themselves from the Spanish

What happened on September 16, 1810

Mexicans stormed/attacked the Spaniards

- They were defeated, and Costilla was killed

When is Mexico's Independence Day

September 16 (first day of uprising)

Who overthrew Spanish rule to preserve power?

The elites (creoles and peninsulars)

Who was Augustin de Iturbine?

The first emperor of Mexico

- no economic or political change

- only creole elites benefited, not the masses

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A Venezuelan revolutionary leader who fought for independence

When did Bolivar defeat Spanish forces in Venezuela?

1821

What did Bolivar become to Venezuela?

President

Who was José de San Martín?

Believed Spaniards must be removed from all of South America if any nation was to remain free

Where was Martin's home?

Argentina

Where did Martin lead his army to defeat the Spaniards?

through the Andes mountains into Chile

Were the Spaniards expecting this?

NO

Who was Bernardo O'Higgins?

San Martín's military leader, who was made the "supreme dictator" of Chile

Whom did Martin welcome after he moved to Lima, Peru? Why?

Bolivar because he couldn't get liberation for all of Peru

Where did Martin move to and eventually die?

Paris

Who crushed the last Spanish army?

Bolivar

Where and when was the last Spanish army defeated?

Ayacucho, Dec 1824

Who was freed as a result of Bolivar's defeat of Spain?

Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile

What did Bolivar say about South America before he died?

South America was ungovernable, and the country would fall into bad hands/it needed strong leaders

What is Simon Bolivar remembered for?

The man who liberated Latin America from Spanish control

Who wanted to restore Spanish control in Latin America?

Continental powers

British wanted to join _______ against European interference in Latin America?

the US

Who didn't trust the British and acted alone in 1823?

President James Monroe

What did James Monroe do?

Guaranteed independence in Latin America and warned against European intervention.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

The foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

What problems were happening in Latin America from 1830 to 1970?

- loss of population, property, and livestock

- poor transportation and communication

- No experience in ruling

What were caudillos?

They were military leaders who were supported by the rich. They were strong leaders who came to power

Nation caudillos were either...

supporters of the elites (made of autocrats who abused power; modernizers who built roads) or destructive

What did Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna do?

He ruled Mexico, misused state funds, and created chaos

What were caudillos supported by?

Catholic Church, rural aristocracy, and army

AND by the masses, who sought radical change

Who was Juan Manuel de Rosas?

An Argentine caudillo who favored Argentine interests against foreigners

Who was Rafael Carrera?

He ruled Guatemala, supported Indian cultures, and aided nations; he was disliked by elites

Who was Justo Rufino Barrios?

He undid Carrera's work

He was supported by the elites, pursued coffee production, and made Indians give up land and become laborers

Who dominated the Latin American economy?

Great Britain

What did Great Britain do?

- gave raw materials to Europe and the US

- helped with wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, and hides

- textiles were imported

What was there an emphasis on?

Exporting raw materials and importing finished products ensured the domination of Latin America by foreigners

Who dominated society?

Landed elites

Who was Sanchez Navarro?

A family in Mexico that had around 16 million acres

How did the government obtain more land?

- sold off church land, public domains, and Indian land

- greedy

What was the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power through the 19th century?

Land

How did the masses live?

In poverty with no land

There was ongoing beef between ______ and ______

church, state

Who was the state?

liberals who wished to curtail the temporal powers of the church

Who was the church?

Conservatives who wanted to maintain all church privileges

What was the name of the Mexican Civil War?

War of Reform

Who was the Mexican Civil War between?

Catholic clergy and military VS liberal government

In 1870, did the Latin American economy start growing?

Yes

- exported wheat, beef, coffee, and more

- invested in railroads, mining, and public utilities

- got money from raw exports

Did old patterns win?

Yes

- Former slaves and Indians were poor

- modernization of elites

Who wanted to use new methods to increase profits and were more aggressive in doing so?

Large land owners

Who was the Latin America middle class?

(5-10%)

educated with decent incomes

- wanted liberal reform and enhanced political power

In 1914, there were growths in _________ and _________

exports, labor unions (strikes)

Did the government help or restrict the rights to vote?

restrict

Where did Latin American people settle?

Argentina

Industrialization led to.....

urbanization

Who wanted to govern/control the government?

Latin American large land owners

Who was José de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz?

The Mexican ruler established a conservative, central government with the support of the army, large landowners, and the Catholic Church

____% of the rural population owned no land (Mexico)

95

Francisco Madero and Emiliano Zapata reformed and seized _______ of wealthy landowners

haciendas

What did the new Mexican constitution of 1917 call for?

strong president

land reform

Limit of foreign investors

social welfare agenda

What did the Constitution evoke a sense of?

nationalistic pride

What happened in the Spanish-American War?

Cuba became a US protecterate and Puerto Rico was annexed. The US sent forces to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, and others ot protect investments/ American interest

What did the US Constitution reflect?

- liberalism (individual rights, representative government) and nationalism (national unity)

- federal power vs states' rights

Who were the Federalists?

people who supported the Constitution

- supported a strong central government

- national finance system

- Pro-British in foreign affairs

Who led the Federalists?

Alexander Hamilton

Who were the Republicans?

- feared centralization and the loss of popular liberties

- supported states' rights

- Pro-French

Who led the Republicans?

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

What was the War of 1812?

- ended the Federalist party

- increased national pride

The new Republican Party in the 1850s was what?

anti-slavery

Who was John Marshall?

Elected President in 1828

- removed property requirements for voting

- Adult white males could vote

- created human improvement facilities (detention and prisons)

What was the US issue in the 19th century?

slavery

What industry in the south relied on slaves?

cotton

The ______ challenged the ______, resulting in a Civil War

north, south

Who abolished slavery first?

Northern states

What was the big controversy?

If the new states admitted to the Union would be free or slave states

- North feared that slave states would dominate the government

What events happened in the 1850s?

- Whig Party collapsed

- Democratic Party split

What happened that outraged Northerners?

Kansas and Nebraska voted on slavery through popular sovereignty

What party formed against slavery?

Republican Party

Who was elected President during this time?

Abraham Lincoln

When and where did the Civil War begin?

April 13, 1861, at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.

Who fired the first shot?

Confederates

Results of the Civil War?

1861-1865

- bloody

- 600,000 soldiers died

- turned into a war against slavery instead of a war against the Union

What did Lincoln do to end slavery?

issued the Emancipation Proclomation

Who led the Union troops in the final battle of the Civil War?

General Ulysses S Grant

Who led the Confederate troops in the final battle of the Civil War?

General Robert E Lee

Who surrendered?

Confederates

When did the Civil War end?

April 9, 1865

What was restored?

national unity

What did the 13th Amendment do?

abolished slavery

What did the 14th Amendment do?

Gave African Americans citizenship

What did the 15th Amendment do?

Gave African Americans the right to vote