ap world semester 1 vocab (midterm)

belief system

a set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a religion, philosophy, or moral code

Buddhism

a spiritual philosophy and religion, founded in the sixth century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama and widespread in Asia, that teaches release from the self and from one’s earthly desires

buereacracy

an organized group of hired officials, especially governmental

caliphate

state ruled by a caliph, a Muslim ruler who is both the ruler of a state and the leader of an entire ummah (an Arabic word referring to the entire Muslim community)

causation

the act or process of causing (to make happen; creating or influencing)

Christianity

a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

claim testers

strategies to decide whether a story or concept should or should not be trusted

Confucianism

the ethical teachings of Confucius, which emphasize reverence for ancestors, devotion to family and friends, cultivation and discipline of the mind, and social responsibility

consequence

that which follows; result

contextualize

to put into a context, or provide a context for; context = the set of circumstances or events in which a particular event occurs; situation

continuity

things that are constant over time; something in an uninterrupted state

dynasty

a succession, lasting several generations, of rulers from the same family or group

evidence

knowledge on which to base belief; that which constitutes proof of something

feudalism

a system of economic and political organization, as in Europe in the medieval period, in which landholding lords granted lands to vassals in return for service and homage

hajj

the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is expected to make at least once during Dhul al-Hijjah

hiearchy

a body of persons or entities graded according to rank or level of authority

innovation

the act of proposing or implementing a new method, approach, idea, or the like

Islam

a monotheistic religion based on the teaching of the prophet Muhammad as set forth in the Qur’an

Judaism

a monotheistic religion based on the spiritual and ethical principles in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) and the Talmud

matrilineal

pertaining to tracing one’s heritage and ancestry through the mother’s family

narrative

an account, description, or story, or the oral or written work containing such material

perspective

a visual or mental view, as of a scene or a subject and the interrelationships of its parts or facts

polytheistic

the belief in more than one god

ritual

an established and prescribed procedure for a ceremony, especially a religious one

scale

the degree, extent, or level of something

serf

agricultural laborers who cannot leave their land and are heavily taxed by a lord or king

sourcing

the act of understanding who wrote a document, where they wrote it, and why they wrote it, for the purposes of analysis or interpretation

state

the population of a specific area unified under a single government

tribute

payment given by a subordinate person or power to a dominant one, or an obligation to do so

authority

the right, power, or ability to give orders, make decisions, or demand or compel obedience

caravan

a band of people traveling together for safety, especially across a desert

commerce

the exchange of goods or services for money

culture

the sum of the language, customs, beliefs, and art considered characteristic of a particular group of people

diaspora

a scattering of any people with a common culture

diffusion

the spreading or wide scattering of something, such as technology or belief systems

economy

the system, within a particular country, or region, of handling wealth and resources, producing goods and services, and consuming goods and services

empire

territory controlled by a central government, with one supreme ruler, who governs a diverse population

indigenous

having origin in a country or locality

maritime

of or concerning seagoing vessels, or intended for use in navigation at sea

merchant

one who buys goods and sells them for a profit

migration

the act or process of moving from one region into another

monsoon

predictable winds that indicated the arrival of the rainy season, facilitating fast sailing and assisting maritime travelers

navigate

to direct the course of a vessel, especially a boat or ship

network

any physical system of interconnected roads, lines, canals, or the like; a process that involves a number of persons, groups, or organizations

pastoral

of or relating to the country or country life

plague

any disaster that affects a large population, especially a disease epidemic or the sudden influx of harmful insects

society

a community or group of people who live in the same country or area and are linked with each other by such things as laws and customs

subjugation

the act of winning mastery over, as by military conquest

syncretism

an attempted combination or reconciliation of different principles, beliefs, or practices, especially in religion or philosophy

technology

the various inventions and means of solving problems that result from research for use of industrial arts and applied science to achieve practice objectives

trade

the act of buying and selling commodities, or all such acts collectively

trade network

a series of roads, waterways, railroads, and air routes that allow groups to trade goods with one another, a loose organization of socities that exchange goods with each other

urbanization

the process whereby towns and cities grow societies become more urban

boyar

a member of a class of nobles in Russia with high rank

cannon

a large, mounted gun for firing heavy shells

cosmopolitan

of, drawn from, or common to all the world or all the peoples of the world

devshrime

Ottoman practice of forcing Christian families to sell their children into the service of the sultan

divine

of, from, pertaining to, or characteristic of a god or gods

gunpowder

an explosive used to propel a gun projectile, especially the explosive made from potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal; black powder

imam

the officiating leader of prayer in a Muslim mosque

imperial

designating or characterizing the authority of a sovereign state over colonies or dependencies

infastructure

the basic facilities and equipment, especially of a technological nature, that are necessary for a system or organization to function

janissary

formerly, a member of a Turkish sultan’s guard

principality

the area ruled by a prince

Reformation

sixteenth-century religious movement in Europe that led to the creation of Protestant faiths in opposition to Catholicism

revenue

government income from the collection of taxes

Shi'a

a messianic belief system and branch of Islam that accepts descendants of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, and the imams as the true successors of Muhammad and the faith

Sikhism

religious community founded in northern India by Guru Nanak that rejected caste divisions

sultan

the ruler of an Islamic country

Sunni

branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as the true successors of Muhammad and leaders of the faith

tariff

a government tax on imports or exports, or a rate or schedule of such taxes; duty

tax

a sum of money levied by government on income, property, or sales and used for its services and administration

treasury

the funds of a government, business, or club

tsar

the title of a male Russian ruler before 1917

administration

the act of directing or managing

biological

of or pertaining to the growth, development, and functioning of living things

bureaucrat

an official in a government office, especially one who follows rules and routines rather than personal judgment

capital

money or other wealth owned or used by a business

capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and prices are chiefly determined by open competition in a free market

cash crop

a crop grown for sale to others rather than for personal use

chattel slavery

the ownership of a person as property or chattel

coerce

to intimidate or force a person usually by fear of violence

colonization

the act or process of forming colonies (territories governed by a distant country, often occupied by a number of citizens of that country)

commodity

a raw material that can be bought and sold

demographic

of or relating to the study of human populations, involving statistical analysis of size, distribution, density, migration, fertility, and the like

economic

of or pertaining to the production and distribution of goods, wealth, and services

enslaved

to cause to be a slave or to be in a condition of bondage

exploitation

the selfish or unfair using of someone or something for one’s own advantage

export

to send or transport abroad, usually for sale or trade

finance

the management of money or other assets

free market

an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses

indentured servant

a person who is bound to work without pay in the service of another for a specified length of time, especially in exchange for the cost of travel, food, and lodging

labor

the entire body of workers, especially as distinguished from management

mercantilism

the doctrine, developed in the West after the decline of feudalism, that a nation’s economy could be strengthened by governmental protection of home industries, by increased foreign exports, and by accumulating gold and silver

missionary

a person desiring to convert others to a principle or set of beliefs

monopoly

complete control over a service or commodity within a given market, so that competition is eliminated

plantation

a large estate used for cultivating commercial crops such as rubber, tea, cotton, sugar, or coffee

plantation system

a capitalist economic system dependent on enslaved labor

resistance

the act of refusing to comply with something

abolish

to do away with; to put a stop to