AP PSYCHOLOGY PEOPLE REVIEW LIST

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian who focused on parenting styles and inferiority complex, where individuals strive to overcome deficiencies by becoming superior.

Mary Ainsworth

Known for "The Strange Situation" experiment on early emotional attachment, observing child reactions to caregivers and strangers.

Gordon Allport

Categorized personality traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits, with cardinal traits dominating behavior.

Albert Bandura

Conducted the Bobo doll study, highlighting social learning theory where aggression is learned through observation and imitation.

Aaron Beck

Father of cognitive therapy, identified the cognitive triad of depression involving negative thoughts about self, future, and the world.

Alfred Binet

Developed the first widely used intelligence test and the IQ formula, influencing the Stanford-Binet test.

Paul Broca

Discovered Broca's area in the brain, showing its role in speech production.

Raymond Cattell

Identified 16 underlying personality traits using the 16 personality factor model and questionnaire.

Noam Chomsky

Father of modern linguistics, proposed generative grammar and emphasized innate linguistic knowledge.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Created the forgetting curve, showing the exponential decline in memory retention over time.

Paul Ekman

Studied universal facial expressions of six basic emotions and their cultural universality.

Albert Ellis

Developed rational emotive behavior therapy to eliminate irrational beliefs and focus on beneficial thoughts.

Erik Erikson

Known for psychosocial development stages, each with a crisis, building on Freud's stages.

Hans Eysenck

Proposed that intelligence is largely inherited and summarized personality traits into extroversion and emotional stability.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis, emphasized the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and the id, ego, and superego.

Phineas Gage

Demonstrated the link between brain damage and personality changes after a frontal lobe injury.

Howard Gardner

Introduced the theory of multiple intelligences, challenging the idea of a single general intelligence.

Carol Gilligan

Critiqued Kohlberg's moral development theory as male-centered, emphasizing relational decision-making.

Francis Galton

Studied nature vs. nurture, focusing on genetics and individualism.

Daniel Goleman

Known for emotional intelligence theory, suggesting EQ may be more crucial for success than IQ.

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys, showing the importance of contact and comfort in social creatures.

Ernest Hilgard

Explored hypnosis and the theory of a "hidden observer" in pain perception.

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian who emphasized parental indifference in neurosis and the child's perception.

William James

Leading psychologist in Functionalism, emphasizing the function of consciousness.

William James and Carl Lange

Proposed the James-Lange theory of emotion, linking physiological reactions to emotional experiences.

Carl Jung

Neo-Freudian who introduced the collective unconscious and studied persona in social contexts.

Garcia and Koelling

Discovered taste aversion through the pairing of radiation with specific tastes in rats.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Developed stages of moral development, including pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.

Elizabeth Loftus

Studied false memory formation and the misinformation effect, showing how wording affects memory recall.

Konrad Lorenz

Rediscovered imprinting and the critical period for attachment in Mallard Ducks.

Abraham Maslow

Founded Humanistic Psychology and proposed the Hierarchy of Needs, including self-actualization.

Stanley Milgram

Conducted the obedience experiment, showing people's willingness to obey authority figures.

Ivan Pavlov

Discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs and salivation responses.

Jean Piaget

Defined stages of cognitive development in children, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy based on self-concept and unconditional positive regard.

Hermann Rorschach

Known for the Rorschach inkblot test, revealing unconscious aspects of personality.

David Rosenhan

Conducted the experiment on psychiatric diagnosis, showing the difficulty in distinguishing sane from insane individuals.

Martin Seligman

Theorized learned helplessness, where individuals feel helpless even when they have the power to change their situation.

Hans Selye

Introduced General Adaptation Syndrome, including alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion stages in response to stress.

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

Developed the two-factor theory of emotion, linking physical arousal and cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences.

B.F

Associated with operant conditioning and the Skinner Box, studying behavior in response to environmental

Law of Effect

Principle by Edward L. Thorndike stating that rewarded behavior is likely to recur and punished behavior is unlikely to recur.

Latent Learning

Studied by Edward Tolman, it refers to learning that occurs without a reward, as seen in rats running mazes.

Behaviorism

Established by John Watson, it recommends studying behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes.

Weber's Law

Ernst Weber's principle stating that to perceive the difference between two stimuli, it must be a constant proportion, not a constant amount.

Linguistic Relativity

Proposed by Benjamin Whorf, it suggests that language and grammar patterns shape one's view of reality.

Inferiority Complex

Concept by Alfred Adler, emphasizing the idea of striving to overcome deficiencies to become superior.

Attachment Theory

Explored by Mary Ainsworth, focusing on early emotional attachment and the effects observed in "The Strange Situation" experiment.

Personality Traits

Gordon Allport categorized them into cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits, shaping a person's behavior.

Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura's theory explaining that aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.

Cognitive Triad

Developed by Aaron Beck, it consists of negative thoughts about oneself, the future, and the world, often seen in depression.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

States that emotions consist of physical arousal and a cognitive label, requiring conscious interpretation of the arousal.

Epinephrine Experiment

Tested the Two-Factor Theory by injecting college students with epinephrine before exposing them to individuals in different emotional states.

B.F

Associated with operant conditioning and the Skinner Box, focusing on behavior as a result of environmental reinforcement.

Charles Spearman

Proposed the concept of general intelligence (g) and its measurement through standard IQ tests.

George Sperling

Studied iconic sensory memory and suggested immediate storage of visual information followed by rapid forgetting.

Robert Sternberg

Identified analytical, creative, and practical intelligence components, emphasizing the broader aspects of creativity.

Lewis Terman

Revised Binet's IQ tests, creating the Stanford-Binet IQ Tests and controversially linking intelligence to race.

Edward L

Known for the law of effect, stating that rewarded behaviors are likely to repeat, influencing Skinner's work.

Edward Tolman

Studied latent learning and conducted maze experiments with rats, highlighting learning without immediate rewards.

John Watson

Pioneer of behaviorism, conducted the "Little Albert" experiment demonstrating classical conditioning principles.

Ernst Weber

Noted for his work on sensation and difference thresholds, establishing Weber's law on stimulus perception.

Benjamin Whorf

Introduced linguistic relativity, suggesting language shapes one's reality perception.

Wilhelm Wundt

Founded the first psychology laboratory, focusing on introspection and structuralism.

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment, illustrating the impact of role-playing on behavior and ethical standards in research.