Studied by 27 people
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian who focused on parenting styles and inferiority complex, where individuals strive to overcome deficiencies by becoming superior.
Mary Ainsworth
Known for "The Strange Situation" experiment on early emotional attachment, observing child reactions to caregivers and strangers.
Gordon Allport
Categorized personality traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits, with cardinal traits dominating behavior.
Albert Bandura
Conducted the Bobo doll study, highlighting social learning theory where aggression is learned through observation and imitation.
Aaron Beck
Father of cognitive therapy, identified the cognitive triad of depression involving negative thoughts about self, future, and the world.
Alfred Binet
Developed the first widely used intelligence test and the IQ formula, influencing the Stanford-Binet test.
Paul Broca
Discovered Broca's area in the brain, showing its role in speech production.
Raymond Cattell
Identified 16 underlying personality traits using the 16 personality factor model and questionnaire.
Noam Chomsky
Father of modern linguistics, proposed generative grammar and emphasized innate linguistic knowledge.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Created the forgetting curve, showing the exponential decline in memory retention over time.
Paul Ekman
Studied universal facial expressions of six basic emotions and their cultural universality.
Albert Ellis
Developed rational emotive behavior therapy to eliminate irrational beliefs and focus on beneficial thoughts.
Erik Erikson
Known for psychosocial development stages, each with a crisis, building on Freud's stages.
Hans Eysenck
Proposed that intelligence is largely inherited and summarized personality traits into extroversion and emotional stability.
Sigmund Freud
Father of psychoanalysis, emphasized the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and the id, ego, and superego.
Phineas Gage
Demonstrated the link between brain damage and personality changes after a frontal lobe injury.
Howard Gardner
Introduced the theory of multiple intelligences, challenging the idea of a single general intelligence.
Carol Gilligan
Critiqued Kohlberg's moral development theory as male-centered, emphasizing relational decision-making.
Francis Galton
Studied nature vs. nurture, focusing on genetics and individualism.
Daniel Goleman
Known for emotional intelligence theory, suggesting EQ may be more crucial for success than IQ.
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment in monkeys, showing the importance of contact and comfort in social creatures.
Ernest Hilgard
Explored hypnosis and the theory of a "hidden observer" in pain perception.
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian who emphasized parental indifference in neurosis and the child's perception.
William James
Leading psychologist in Functionalism, emphasizing the function of consciousness.
William James and Carl Lange
Proposed the James-Lange theory of emotion, linking physiological reactions to emotional experiences.
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian who introduced the collective unconscious and studied persona in social contexts.
Garcia and Koelling
Discovered taste aversion through the pairing of radiation with specific tastes in rats.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Developed stages of moral development, including pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.
Elizabeth Loftus
Studied false memory formation and the misinformation effect, showing how wording affects memory recall.
Konrad Lorenz
Rediscovered imprinting and the critical period for attachment in Mallard Ducks.
Abraham Maslow
Founded Humanistic Psychology and proposed the Hierarchy of Needs, including self-actualization.
Stanley Milgram
Conducted the obedience experiment, showing people's willingness to obey authority figures.
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs and salivation responses.
Jean Piaget
Defined stages of cognitive development in children, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy based on self-concept and unconditional positive regard.
Hermann Rorschach
Known for the Rorschach inkblot test, revealing unconscious aspects of personality.
David Rosenhan
Conducted the experiment on psychiatric diagnosis, showing the difficulty in distinguishing sane from insane individuals.
Martin Seligman
Theorized learned helplessness, where individuals feel helpless even when they have the power to change their situation.
Hans Selye
Introduced General Adaptation Syndrome, including alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion stages in response to stress.
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
Developed the two-factor theory of emotion, linking physical arousal and cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences.
B.F
Associated with operant conditioning and the Skinner Box, studying behavior in response to environmental
Law of Effect
Principle by Edward L. Thorndike stating that rewarded behavior is likely to recur and punished behavior is unlikely to recur.
Latent Learning
Studied by Edward Tolman, it refers to learning that occurs without a reward, as seen in rats running mazes.
Behaviorism
Established by John Watson, it recommends studying behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes.
Weber's Law
Ernst Weber's principle stating that to perceive the difference between two stimuli, it must be a constant proportion, not a constant amount.
Linguistic Relativity
Proposed by Benjamin Whorf, it suggests that language and grammar patterns shape one's view of reality.
Inferiority Complex
Concept by Alfred Adler, emphasizing the idea of striving to overcome deficiencies to become superior.
Attachment Theory
Explored by Mary Ainsworth, focusing on early emotional attachment and the effects observed in "The Strange Situation" experiment.
Personality Traits
Gordon Allport categorized them into cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits, shaping a person's behavior.
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura's theory explaining that aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.
Cognitive Triad
Developed by Aaron Beck, it consists of negative thoughts about oneself, the future, and the world, often seen in depression.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
States that emotions consist of physical arousal and a cognitive label, requiring conscious interpretation of the arousal.
Epinephrine Experiment
Tested the Two-Factor Theory by injecting college students with epinephrine before exposing them to individuals in different emotional states.
B.F
Associated with operant conditioning and the Skinner Box, focusing on behavior as a result of environmental reinforcement.
Charles Spearman
Proposed the concept of general intelligence (g) and its measurement through standard IQ tests.
George Sperling
Studied iconic sensory memory and suggested immediate storage of visual information followed by rapid forgetting.
Robert Sternberg
Identified analytical, creative, and practical intelligence components, emphasizing the broader aspects of creativity.
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet's IQ tests, creating the Stanford-Binet IQ Tests and controversially linking intelligence to race.
Edward L
Known for the law of effect, stating that rewarded behaviors are likely to repeat, influencing Skinner's work.
Edward Tolman
Studied latent learning and conducted maze experiments with rats, highlighting learning without immediate rewards.
John Watson
Pioneer of behaviorism, conducted the "Little Albert" experiment demonstrating classical conditioning principles.
Ernst Weber
Noted for his work on sensation and difference thresholds, establishing Weber's law on stimulus perception.
Benjamin Whorf
Introduced linguistic relativity, suggesting language shapes one's reality perception.
Wilhelm Wundt
Founded the first psychology laboratory, focusing on introspection and structuralism.
Philip Zimbardo
Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment, illustrating the impact of role-playing on behavior and ethical standards in research.
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