Alfred Adler:
A Neo-Freudian, focused on parenting styles: also
emphasized inferiority. When we are born we start off
weak then strive to overcome these deficiencies by
becoming superior to those around us - a driving force
behind human thoughts, emotions and behaviors- it is
possible to develop an inferiority complex.
Mary Ainsworth:
Most famous for her work in early emotional attachment
with "The Strange Situation." Experiment. The child's
reactions are observed while playing for 20 minutes while
caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room,
recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence
in most children's lives. The effects vary in stressfulness.
Gordon Allport:
Believed a person’s personality could be organized into
three levels of traits. Cardinal traits dominate and shape a
person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack
single themes that shape their lives. Central traits a general
characteristic found in some degree in every person. An
example of a central trait would be honesty.
Secondary traits are characteristics seen only in certain
circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a
very close friend may know).
Albert Bandura:
Famous for the Bobo doll study- explained the social
learning theory. Aggression is learned through observing
and imitating others. The experiment is important because
it sparked many more studies on the effects of violent
media on children.
Aaron Beck:
The father of cognitive therapy, specializes in clinical
depression. Developed the cognitive triad of depression:
people who are depressed have negative thoughts about
themselves, their future, and the word in which they live
Alfred Binet:
A French psychologist that came up with the first widely
used intelligence test. He was hired by the French public
school system to find children that needed special help.
First used the IQ formula: MA/CA * 100= IQ. Influenced
today's widely accepted intelligence test, the Stanford-
Binet test.
Paul Broca:
Physician that reported after damage to specific area of the
left frontal lobe, known as Broca's area, a person would
have trouble forming words but still be able to sing
familiar songs and comprehend speech
Raymond Cattell:
He is best known for his discovery of 16 underlying
personality traits and his methods for measuring the traits
are known as the 16 personality factor model and the 16
PF questionnaire. Used factor analysis
Noam Chomsky:
One of the fathers of modern linguistics. His theory of
generative grammar emphasizes universal grammar. His
view was different from B.F. Skinners because he thought
that certain aspects of linguistic knowledge were innate
Hermann Ebbinghaus:
Famous for creating the forgetting curve. States that we
forget the most information within the first 20 minutes,
then an hour, then a day. The forgetting curve is
exponential, just like the learning curve.
Paul Ekman:
Studied facial expressions and how they reflected
emotions. He believed there were six basic emotions that
were universal and expressed in the same way in any
culture. They are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness,
and surprise.
Albert Ellis:
Developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), which aims to
help patients overcome irrational beliefs and unrealistic
expectations- taught to eliminate self-defeating thoughts
while focusing on those that were beneficial.
Erik Erikson:
A neo-Freudian; most famous for his stages in
psychosocial development, which are based on Freud’s five
stages. Each of the eight stages includes a crisis that could
go one of two ways. Examples include trust vs. mistrust in
babies, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, identity vs. role
confusion in adolescents, etc.
Hans Eysenck:
He stated that intelligence was largely inherited and
believed that all personality traits could be summarized by
these two dimensions, which he called super traits. They
are extroversion (introversion) and emotional stability or
neuroticism (instability)
Sigmund Freud:
Often know as the father of modern psychology and
psychoanalysis. Believed that the unconscious determines
everything we do. His theories include the ideas of the
stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic,
latent, genital) and the three parts of the mind- the id, ego,
and superego. Believed that dreams, free association, and
hypnosis could reveal the unconscious mind.
Phineas Gage:
A railroad worker who had a large iron rod go completely
through his left frontal lobe while working. He became a
very angry person after his accident. His case concluded
that specific areas of the brain affect personality.
Howard Gardner:
Created the theory of multiple intelligences that opposed
Spearman's idea of one general intelligence. Believed there
are eight 'smarts,' which are language smarts, logic smarts,
music smarts, spatial smarts, kinesthetic smarts,
intrapersonal smarts, interpersonal smarts, and nature
smarts.
Carol Gilligan:
Believed that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development was
male-centered and believed that boys are more likely to
apply moral rules to all contexts where girls are more
likely to consider relationships when making a decision
Francis Galton:

Developed the idea of "nature vs. nurture". He studied
genetics and how they affected people's individualism.
Nature means how a person acts because of their genetics
and nurture means how a person acts based on their
environment. He believed nature is the most important in
the debate.
Daniel Goleman:
Most famous for his work with Emotional Intelligence,
Emotional intelligence is how well you handle your
feelings and how well you get along with others. He, a long
with other psychologists, believes that EQ (emotional
intelligence) may be more indicative to a person’s success
in life than academic IQ.
Harry Harlow:
Raised monkeys with two artificial mothers. one
represented nourishment, the other contact/comfort.
Discovered monkeys would feed from harsh mom with the
food, but quickly return to soft cloth mom for a safe/secure
base. Humans act the same way, we are social creatures
who need contact to thrive.
Ernest Hilgard:
Best known for his research on hypnosis. Creator of the
hypnosis theory of a "hidden observer" where a person
undergoing hypnosis can observe his or her pain without
feeling any actual suffering.
Karen Horney:
Neo-Freudian, named parental indifference the true culprit
behind neurosis and said the key to understanding this
phenomenon is the child's perception- children can
overcome the Oedipus Complex if they have loving
parents.
William James:
Wrote the first influential textbook on psychology, called
Principles of Psychology (1890), a leading psychologist in
the Functionalism movement, which emphasized the
function (rather than the structure) of consciousness.
William James and Carl Lange:
Came up with the James- Lange theory of emotion. The
theory proposes that emotions occur because of
physiological reactions to events. This means that based on
how your body physically reacts to an event, your mind
will decide the emotion you are feeling. (Smiling makes
you feel happy)
Carl Jung:
A Neo-Freudian, believed with Freud's "personal
unconscious" but also though humans have a collective
unconscious - a shared, inherited reservoir of memory
traces from our species' history. Also studied persona-
different “masks” we wear in social situations.
Garcia and Koelling:
Discovered taste aversion when looking at effects of
radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the
radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle
was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats
developed an aversion for this water.
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Came up with 3 moral development stages. The first is Pre-
conventional (acted whether they would gain rewards or
punishment). The second is conventional morality (actions
that uphold social rules in intent to be liked by others and
gain approval). The third is post-conventional (abstract
reasoning for their actions)
Elizabeth Loftus:
Known for her work in the study of false memory
formation and the misinformation effect. Famous for her
car crash experiment- After viewing a video, those who
were asked the question with the smashed wording were
much more likely to "remember" seeing broken glass in a
later question (in reality, no glass had been broken in the
accident). They also remembered the car as driving much
faster.
Konrad Lorenz:
Rediscovered imprinting (phase-sensitive learning) which
famously included Lorenz acting as the mother-figure for
Mallard Ducks. There is a critical period for attachment.
Abraham Maslow:
Founded Humanistic Psychology, which focused on the
individual and self directed choices that influenced
behavior (humans are basically good). Developed a
Hierarchy of Needs that addresses physiological needs,
safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-
actualization.
Stanley Milgram:
Most famous experiment: The authority figure told the
teacher to test the learner word pairs, and if the learner
were to answer wrong, the teacher would have to punish
the student by electric shocks which got stronger each
time. Although no actual shocks were given, more than
60% had 'shocked' the learner up to full voltage. Proved
that people will do things mainly because an authority
figure had prompted the teacher to do so.
Ivan Pavlov:
His experiments with dogs led him to discover classical
conditioning. Discovered that he could condition dogs to
salivate at the sound of a tone when the tone was
repeatedly presented with food. He also discovered that if
he sounded the bell over and over then the reaction would
become extinct, but it may reappear the next day when the
bell is sounded- spontaneous recovery.
Jean Piaget :
Studied the cognitive development of children. Defined
four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, in
which babies develop object permanence and stranger
anxiety; preoperational, in which toddlers are egocentric;
concrete operational, in which children develop ideas such
as conservation; and formal operational, in which people
ages 12+ begin to understand abstract concepts.
Carl Rogers:
Humanistic psychologist who used the theory of self-
concept. To help his clients get back on the road to self-
actualization, he developed a therapeutic approach called
client-centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the
client unconditional positive regard by supporting the
client regardless of what is said.
Hermann Rorschach:
Most famous for his Rorschach inkblot test- designed to
reflect unconscious parts of the personality that "project"
onto the stimuli. Individuals were shown 10 inkblots, one
at a time, and asked to report what objects or figures they
saw in each of them.

David Rosenhan:
His experiment tested the validity of psychiatric diagnosis
of insanity. He sent fake patients who pretended to have
disorders to mental hospitals and they were still treated
for months after reporting feeling fine. It showed that
clearly doctors can't distinguish between the sane from the
insane in such environments.
Martin Seligman:
He is famous for theorizing about 'learned helplessness'-
that one will start to act helpless in a situation if they find
that the can't stop the harmful stimulus, even if they
actually do have the power to stop it. He found that dogs
who had been shocked continuously would not escape
even when given the ability to do so.
Hans Selye:
Responsible for the idea of General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS). First is the "alarm reaction" where we prepare for
"fight or flight." Second is resistance, where the resistance
of stress is built. After a long duration of stress, the body
enters the third stage- exhaustion. This last stage is most
hazardous to your health and has the long-term effects.
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer:
Developed the two-factor theory of emotion which simply
states that emotions are comprised of physical arousal and
a cognitive label. They also said that emotional experience
requires conscious interpretation of the arousal. To test
this they experimented this with college students by
injecting them with epinephrine before placing them in a
room with somebody in either a euphoric or irritated state.
B.F. Skinner:
Associated with operant conditioning and responsible for
the Skinner Box, or the operant conditioning chamber. He
sought to understand behavior as a function of
environmental histories of reinforcing consequences (as
all behaviorists do).
Charles Spearman:
Believed that only one type of intelligence- g, or general
intelligence exists. This is tested on a standard IQ test.
George Sperling:
Studied iconic sensory memory. He showed people a group
of letters quickly, the asking them to repeat the letters
immediately afterwards. Participants were generally able
to recall 4-5 of the 9 letters, but could remember a whole
row when prompted. Sperling believed that all 9 letters
were stored immediately (mini photographic memory),
then were quickly forgotten.
Robert Sternberg:
Distinguished among three aspects of intelligence:
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical
intelligence. He contributed to the idea that there is more
to creativity than that which intelligence tests reveal.
Lewis Terman:
He revised Alfred Binet's earlier tests and invented the
Stanford-Binet IQ Tests. Believed that children who scored
high on his IQ tests were "gifted" and likely to become
society's leaders in adulthood. Also, he felt that the tests
results proved that black men intelligence was inferior to
the intelligence of white men.
Edward L. Thorndike:
Widely known for the law of effect- the principle that
rewarded behavior is likely to recur and punished
behavior is unlikely to recur. This principle was the basis
for BF Skinner’s behavioral technology.
Edward Tolman:
Most famous for his studies on behavioral psychology,
studied latent learning. He is known for his study of
learning with rats in mazes, rats who run the maze without
a reward still learn how to complete the maze
John Watson:
Established the idea of behaviorism. Recommended the
study of behavior without reference to unobservable
mental process. Also conducted the "Little Albert"
experiment where he proved classical conditioning. He
presented the child with a white rat and a loud noise and
soon enough the child was afraid of the white rat.
Ernst Weber:
Notable for his work in sensation and difference
thresholds. His principle that two stimuli, to perceive their
difference, much be a constant proportion, not a constant
amount, is known as Weber’s law.
Benjamin Whorf:
Proposed that one's language and grammar patterns shape
one's view of reality- linguistic relativity. For example,
English has many words that have to do with "time." The
Hopi however, do not. As a result, time does not play an
important role in Hopi soci
Alfred Adler:
A Neo-Freudian, focused on parenting styles: also
emphasized inferiority. When we are born we start off
weak then strive to overcome these deficiencies by
becoming superior to those around us - a driving force
behind human thoughts, emotions and behaviors- it is
possible to develop an inferiority complex.
Mary Ainsworth:
Most famous for her work in early emotional attachment
with "The Strange Situation." Experiment. The child's
reactions are observed while playing for 20 minutes while
caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room,
recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence
in most children's lives. The effects vary in stressfulness.
Gordon Allport:
Believed a person’s personality could be organized into
three levels of traits. Cardinal traits dominate and shape a
person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack
single themes that shape their lives. Central traits a general
characteristic found in some degree in every person. An
example of a central trait would be honesty.
Secondary traits are characteristics seen only in certain
circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a
very close friend may know).
Albert Bandura:
Famous for the Bobo doll study- explained the social
learning theory. Aggression is learned through observing
and imitating others. The experiment is important because
it sparked many more studies on the effects of violent
media on children.
Aaron Beck:
The father of cognitive therapy, specializes in clinical
depression. Developed the cognitive triad of depression:
people who are depressed have negative thoughts about
themselves, their future, and the word in which they live
Alfred Binet:
A French psychologist that came up with the first widely
used intelligence test. He was hired by the French public
school system to find children that needed special help.
First used the IQ formula: MA/CA * 100= IQ. Influenced
today's widely accepted intelligence test, the Stanford-
Binet test.
Paul Broca:
Physician that reported after damage to specific area of the
left frontal lobe, known as Broca's area, a person would
have trouble forming words but still be able to sing
familiar songs and comprehend speech
Raymond Cattell:
He is best known for his discovery of 16 underlying
personality traits and his methods for measuring the traits
are known as the 16 personality factor model and the 16
PF questionnaire. Used factor analysis
Noam Chomsky:
One of the fathers of modern linguistics. His theory of
generative grammar emphasizes universal grammar. His
view was different from B.F. Skinners because he thought
that certain aspects of linguistic knowledge were innate
Hermann Ebbinghaus:
Famous for creating the forgetting curve. States that we
forget the most information within the first 20 minutes,
then an hour, then a day. The forgetting curve is
exponential, just like the learning curve.
Paul Ekman:
Studied facial expressions and how they reflected
emotions. He believed there were six basic emotions that
were universal and expressed in the same way in any
culture. They are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness,
and surprise.
Albert Ellis:
Developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), which aims to
help patients overcome irrational beliefs and unrealistic
expectations- taught to eliminate self-defeating thoughts
while focusing on those that were beneficial.
Erik Erikson:
A neo-Freudian; most famous for his stages in
psychosocial development, which are based on Freud’s five
stages. Each of the eight stages includes a crisis that could
go one of two ways. Examples include trust vs. mistrust in
babies, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, identity vs. role
confusion in adolescents, etc.
Hans Eysenck:
He stated that intelligence was largely inherited and
believed that all personality traits could be summarized by
these two dimensions, which he called super traits. They
are extroversion (introversion) and emotional stability or
neuroticism (instability)
Sigmund Freud:
Often know as the father of modern psychology and
psychoanalysis. Believed that the unconscious determines
everything we do. His theories include the ideas of the
stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic,
latent, genital) and the three parts of the mind- the id, ego,
and superego. Believed that dreams, free association, and
hypnosis could reveal the unconscious mind.
Phineas Gage:
A railroad worker who had a large iron rod go completely
through his left frontal lobe while working. He became a
very angry person after his accident. His case concluded
that specific areas of the brain affect personality.
Howard Gardner:
Created the theory of multiple intelligences that opposed
Spearman's idea of one general intelligence. Believed there
are eight 'smarts,' which are language smarts, logic smarts,
music smarts, spatial smarts, kinesthetic smarts,
intrapersonal smarts, interpersonal smarts, and nature
smarts.
Carol Gilligan:
Believed that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development was
male-centered and believed that boys are more likely to
apply moral rules to all contexts where girls are more
likely to consider relationships when making a decision
Francis Galton:

Developed the idea of "nature vs. nurture". He studied
genetics and how they affected people's individualism.
Nature means how a person acts because of their genetics
and nurture means how a person acts based on their
environment. He believed nature is the most important in
the debate.
Daniel Goleman:
Most famous for his work with Emotional Intelligence,
Emotional intelligence is how well you handle your
feelings and how well you get along with others. He, a long
with other psychologists, believes that EQ (emotional
intelligence) may be more indicative to a person’s success
in life than academic IQ.
Harry Harlow:
Raised monkeys with two artificial mothers. one
represented nourishment, the other contact/comfort.
Discovered monkeys would feed from harsh mom with the
food, but quickly return to soft cloth mom for a safe/secure
base. Humans act the same way, we are social creatures
who need contact to thrive.
Ernest Hilgard:
Best known for his research on hypnosis. Creator of the
hypnosis theory of a "hidden observer" where a person
undergoing hypnosis can observe his or her pain without
feeling any actual suffering.
Karen Horney:
Neo-Freudian, named parental indifference the true culprit
behind neurosis and said the key to understanding this
phenomenon is the child's perception- children can
overcome the Oedipus Complex if they have loving
parents.
William James:
Wrote the first influential textbook on psychology, called
Principles of Psychology (1890), a leading psychologist in
the Functionalism movement, which emphasized the
function (rather than the structure) of consciousness.
William James and Carl Lange:
Came up with the James- Lange theory of emotion. The
theory proposes that emotions occur because of
physiological reactions to events. This means that based on
how your body physically reacts to an event, your mind
will decide the emotion you are feeling. (Smiling makes
you feel happy)
Carl Jung:
A Neo-Freudian, believed with Freud's "personal
unconscious" but also though humans have a collective
unconscious - a shared, inherited reservoir of memory
traces from our species' history. Also studied persona-
different “masks” we wear in social situations.
Garcia and Koelling:
Discovered taste aversion when looking at effects of
radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the
radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle
was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats
developed an aversion for this water.
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Came up with 3 moral development stages. The first is Pre-
conventional (acted whether they would gain rewards or
punishment). The second is conventional morality (actions
that uphold social rules in intent to be liked by others and
gain approval). The third is post-conventional (abstract
reasoning for their actions)
Elizabeth Loftus:
Known for her work in the study of false memory
formation and the misinformation effect. Famous for her
car crash experiment- After viewing a video, those who
were asked the question with the smashed wording were
much more likely to "remember" seeing broken glass in a
later question (in reality, no glass had been broken in the
accident). They also remembered the car as driving much
faster.
Konrad Lorenz:
Rediscovered imprinting (phase-sensitive learning) which
famously included Lorenz acting as the mother-figure for
Mallard Ducks. There is a critical period for attachment.
Abraham Maslow:
Founded Humanistic Psychology, which focused on the
individual and self directed choices that influenced
behavior (humans are basically good). Developed a
Hierarchy of Needs that addresses physiological needs,
safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-
actualization.
Stanley Milgram:
Most famous experiment: The authority figure told the
teacher to test the learner word pairs, and if the learner
were to answer wrong, the teacher would have to punish
the student by electric shocks which got stronger each
time. Although no actual shocks were given, more than
60% had 'shocked' the learner up to full voltage. Proved
that people will do things mainly because an authority
figure had prompted the teacher to do so.
Ivan Pavlov:
His experiments with dogs led him to discover classical
conditioning. Discovered that he could condition dogs to
salivate at the sound of a tone when the tone was
repeatedly presented with food. He also discovered that if
he sounded the bell over and over then the reaction would
become extinct, but it may reappear the next day when the
bell is sounded- spontaneous recovery.
Jean Piaget :
Studied the cognitive development of children. Defined
four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, in
which babies develop object permanence and stranger
anxiety; preoperational, in which toddlers are egocentric;
concrete operational, in which children develop ideas such
as conservation; and formal operational, in which people
ages 12+ begin to understand abstract concepts.
Carl Rogers:
Humanistic psychologist who used the theory of self-
concept. To help his clients get back on the road to self-
actualization, he developed a therapeutic approach called
client-centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the
client unconditional positive regard by supporting the
client regardless of what is said.
Hermann Rorschach:
Most famous for his Rorschach inkblot test- designed to
reflect unconscious parts of the personality that "project"
onto the stimuli. Individuals were shown 10 inkblots, one
at a time, and asked to report what objects or figures they
saw in each of them.

David Rosenhan:
His experiment tested the validity of psychiatric diagnosis
of insanity. He sent fake patients who pretended to have
disorders to mental hospitals and they were still treated
for months after reporting feeling fine. It showed that
clearly doctors can't distinguish between the sane from the
insane in such environments.
Martin Seligman:
He is famous for theorizing about 'learned helplessness'-
that one will start to act helpless in a situation if they find
that the can't stop the harmful stimulus, even if they
actually do have the power to stop it. He found that dogs
who had been shocked continuously would not escape
even when given the ability to do so.
Hans Selye:
Responsible for the idea of General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS). First is the "alarm reaction" where we prepare for
"fight or flight." Second is resistance, where the resistance
of stress is built. After a long duration of stress, the body
enters the third stage- exhaustion. This last stage is most
hazardous to your health and has the long-term effects.
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer:
Developed the two-factor theory of emotion which simply
states that emotions are comprised of physical arousal and
a cognitive label. They also said that emotional experience
requires conscious interpretation of the arousal. To test
this they experimented this with college students by
injecting them with epinephrine before placing them in a
room with somebody in either a euphoric or irritated state.
B.F. Skinner:
Associated with operant conditioning and responsible for
the Skinner Box, or the operant conditioning chamber. He
sought to understand behavior as a function of
environmental histories of reinforcing consequences (as
all behaviorists do).
Charles Spearman:
Believed that only one type of intelligence- g, or general
intelligence exists. This is tested on a standard IQ test.
George Sperling:
Studied iconic sensory memory. He showed people a group
of letters quickly, the asking them to repeat the letters
immediately afterwards. Participants were generally able
to recall 4-5 of the 9 letters, but could remember a whole
row when prompted. Sperling believed that all 9 letters
were stored immediately (mini photographic memory),
then were quickly forgotten.
Robert Sternberg:
Distinguished among three aspects of intelligence:
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical
intelligence. He contributed to the idea that there is more
to creativity than that which intelligence tests reveal.
Lewis Terman:
He revised Alfred Binet's earlier tests and invented the
Stanford-Binet IQ Tests. Believed that children who scored
high on his IQ tests were "gifted" and likely to become
society's leaders in adulthood. Also, he felt that the tests
results proved that black men intelligence was inferior to
the intelligence of white men.
Edward L. Thorndike:
Widely known for the law of effect- the principle that
rewarded behavior is likely to recur and punished
behavior is unlikely to recur. This principle was the basis
for BF Skinner’s behavioral technology.
Edward Tolman:
Most famous for his studies on behavioral psychology,
studied latent learning. He is known for his study of
learning with rats in mazes, rats who run the maze without
a reward still learn how to complete the maze
John Watson:
Established the idea of behaviorism. Recommended the
study of behavior without reference to unobservable
mental process. Also conducted the "Little Albert"
experiment where he proved classical conditioning. He
presented the child with a white rat and a loud noise and
soon enough the child was afraid of the white rat.
Ernst Weber:
Notable for his work in sensation and difference
thresholds. His principle that two stimuli, to perceive their
difference, much be a constant proportion, not a constant
amount, is known as Weber’s law.
Benjamin Whorf:
Proposed that one's language and grammar patterns shape
one's view of reality- linguistic relativity. For example,
English has many words that have to do with "time." The
Hopi however, do not. As a result, time does not play an
important role in Hopi society.
Wilhelm Wundt:
Established the first psychology laboratory at the
Germany, where introspection was used. He focused on
inner sensations, images, and feelings, which is known as
structuralism.
Philip Zimbardo:
His experiment assessed how role playing affects attitudes.
In the study, male volunteers were randomly assigned to
either a "guard" role or "prisoner" role to be carried out in
a mock prison. The guards were told only to maintain
order, but within two days the guards began to act cruelly
without reason and prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress. The experiment had to be cut short. There
were no long term, but the experiment changed ethical
standards for experimentation.ety.
Wilhelm Wundt:
Established the first psychology laboratory at the
Germany, where introspection was used. He focused on
inner sensations, images, and feelings, which is known as
structuralism.
Philip Zimbardo:
His experiment assessed how role playing affects attitudes.
In the study, male volunteers were randomly assigned to
either a "guard" role or "prisoner" role to be carried out in
a mock prison. The guards were told only to maintain
order, but within two days the guards began to act cruelly
without reason and prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress. The experiment had to be cut short. There
were no long term, but the experiment changed ethical
standards for experimentation.