AP World History Study Guide Unit 1-9

Flashcards for AP World History Unit 1-9 review.

Song Dynasty

Under the Song Dynasty (960-1279), China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations and developed the greatest manufacturing capability in the world. China became the world’s most commercialized society, shifting from local production to market production. Buddhism and Confucianism began to spread. China’s bureaucracy expanded through meritocracy, allowing for greater social mobility.

The Grand Canal

An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

Technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads

Tributes (China)

An arrangement to gain income in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

Neo-Confucianism

Evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Shogun

In 1192, the Minamoto installed a shogun, or military ruler, to reign in Japan. For the following four centuries, Japan suffered from regional rivalries among aristocrats.

Korea's relationship with China

Korea’s location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a tributary relationship. It centralized its government in the style of the Chinese and adopted both Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

Vietnam Social Structures

Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition. Vietnamese preferred nuclear families. Vietnamese villages operated independently of a national government. They adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men, but instead of pledging loyalty to the emperor, officials in Vietnam owed more allegiance to the village peasants.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Islamic scholar who laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject.

House of Wisdom

Scholarly and cultural center in Abbasid Baghdad

Islamic Rule in Spain

In 711, Muslim forces successfully invaded Spain from the south. Umayyad rulers in Córdoba created a climate of toleration, with Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisting peacefully and promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter.

Delhi Sultanate

Bringing Islam into India, the Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries.

Bhakti Movement

Beginning in the 12th century, some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life, they concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity.

Srivijaya Empire

The Srivijaya Empire (67H-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China.

Majapahit Kingdom

The Majapahit Kingdom (1293—1520) based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height. Like Srivijaya, Majapahit held onto its power by controlling sea routes. Unlike Srivijaya, Majapahit was Buddhist.

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire (802—1431) was situated near the Mekong River and was not dependent on maritime prowess for its power. The kingdom's complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity.

Mississippian Culture

First large-scale civilization in North America that started in Mississippi River Valley. The Mississippian society had a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society

The Maya City-States

The main source of Mayan government was the city-state, each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. Each Mayan king claimed to be a descendant of a god (divine right) Mayan science and religion were linked through astronomy

The Aztecs

The Aztecs were originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s. In 1325, they founded their capital Tenochtitlan on the site of what is now Mexico City. They built a network of aqueducts and a pyramid that rose 150 fcet into the air. Aztecs developed a tributary system. Aztec government was a theocracy. They worshipped hundreds of deities and practiced human sacrifices.

The Inca

The Incan Empire was split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy and they were subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service. The name Inca means “people of the sun” and Inti, the sun god, was the most important of the Incan gods. The Inca developed sophisticated terrace systems for the cultivation of crops such as potatoes and maize.

Kin-based networks

Communities formed kin-based networks, where families governed themselves

Political Structures of West and East Africa

The exchange of goods brought them wealth, political power, and cultural diversity. The spread of Islam added to the religious diversity of the continent, where animism and Christianity were already practiced.

Zimbabwe

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold. It had rich gold fields.

Ethiopia

Christianity had spread from its origins along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea south into Egypt and beyond. Ethiopia flourished by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa.

Griots

or storytellers, were the conduits of history for a community.

Feudalism (Europe)

Feudalism provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord. Since the entire system was agriculture-based, wealth was measured in land rather than in cash.

The manorial system

provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. The manor produced everything that people living on it required, limiting the need for trade and contact with outsiders.

King Philip II of France

was the first to develop a real bureaucracy.

The Estates-General

was a body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Great Schism

In 1054, the Christian Church was broken into two branches: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class included shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.

Renaissance

was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue. One characteristic of the Renaissance was the interest in humanism, the focus on individuals rather than God.

Paper Manufacturing

invented in China in the 2nd century B.C.E., it spread across Eurasia, reaching Europe around the l3th century. The resulting printed material led to increased literacy rates across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Flying Cash

To manage the increasing trade, China developed new financial systems. The copper coins they used became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions, so the government developed a system of credit known as flying cash.

Genghis Khan

Mongolian soldier and ruler who instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the empire. New trade channels were also established between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe and his empire was the largest continuous land empire in history.

Golden Horde

Batu, the son of Khan’s oldest son, led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia, which at the time was a loose network of city-states and principalities. Batu’s army, which came to be known as the Golden Horde, conquered Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes.

Swahili City-States

The Indian Ocean trade also created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa, sometimes known as the Swahili city-states.

Trans-Saharan Trade

For more than 700 years, trans-Saharan trade brought considerable wealth to the societies of West Africa, particularly the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali. Merchants also brought Islam, which spread into Sub-Saharan Africa as a result.

Mansa Musa

political and religious leader of Mali who built a strong trade network

Gunpowder Empires

refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.

Ming Dynasty

China’s Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader Kublai Khan in 1271, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368 after less than a century in power.

Qing Dynasty

In 1644, the powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty, which ruled until 1911.

Boyars

The noble landowning class in Russia

Peter the Great

the Romanov Dynasty who took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil after a king's death; reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces and his reforms lost the support of the Russian clergy

St. Petersburg

workers built this famous city designed in a European rather than Byzantine style to show the ruler’s admiration of western Europe and its rulers.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Martin Luther

A German monk who objected to the sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices. Luther challenged the Church by nailing his 95 Theses, to a church door.

Calvinism

Established in 1536 by John Calvin. Its followers in France were called Huguenots. The elect, those predestined to go to heaven, ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church.

Anglicanism

The Church of England, formed when King Henry VIII set himself up as head of the new Church of England–one that would be free of control by the pope in Rome.

Counter-Reformation

A three-part strategy to maintain Catholicism as the largest Christian denomination in the world: The Church increased the use of the Inquisition to root out and punish nonbelievers. The Jesuits opposed the spread of Protestantism and the Council of Trent corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals and improving the education of priests.

Peace of Augsburg

Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Edict of Nantes

Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. The edict provided religious toleration in France

Thirty Years’ War

The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe culminated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648), which led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent. The war culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

Scientific Revolution

In the early 1600s, scientific thinking gained popularity in northern Europe as trends in Renaissance ideas, curiosity, investigation, and discovery spread.

Cartography

New types of ships also improved trades and long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of diseases, plants, and animals between the Americas and Europe following Columbus's voyages.

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver is known as the Commercial Revolution

Triangular Trade

A pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic trading system.

Gloucester County Rebellion

Internal challenge to state power in the British Empire

Social Darwinism

Some thinkers adapted Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, creating the theory known as Social Darwinism

Boer Wars

The British and Afrikaners fought over land. This conflict came to a boil in the Boer Wars. In the end, the British army drove the Afrikaners and the Africans from their lands

Anti-Imperialist

Between 1899 and 1901, an anti-imperialist group called the Boxers was attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries

Imperialism

motivated by new markets to sell factory goods, raw materials for factories and nationalism

The Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.

Zionism

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

French Independence Day

On July 14, 1789, a crowd in Paris stormed the Bastille, a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the aristocracy. This day became known as French Independence Day

Reign of Terror

A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the French Revolution, including the king and queen began.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Became emperor of France in 1804, after a period of turmoil and war in France.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Led a general rebellion against slavery, formed army of enslaved Africans and Maroons, established an independent government and produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents.

Guiseppe Mazzini

advocated for a radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Muhammad Ali

rose to prominence in the Ottoman Empire and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt. He pushed Egypt to industrialize.

Opium

British used Opium from India to force a favorable trade balance with China

Al-Qaeda

One of the deadliest terrorist groups. Financed by Saudi billionaire Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda carried out attacks in many countries, including one in the United States on September 11, 2001.

Green Revolution

In the mid-20th century, the Green Revolution emerged as a possible long-time response to hunger. Scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another