Chapter 23 Vocab AP Euro

Red Shirts

Red Shirts

The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

Homestead Act

An American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy.

Crimean War

A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian Empire.

Bloody Sunday

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Duma

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.

Tanzimat

A set of reformed designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European Empire.

Young Turks

Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility.

German Social Democratic Party (SDP)

A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s, the SDP championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead in the German parliament for social and workplace reforms.

Dreyfus affair

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

People’s Budget

A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare serviced but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.

Zionism

A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl.

revisionism

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the late nineteenth century.

Realpolitik

A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Alfred Dreyfus

French Jewish captain accused and convicted of treason.

Theodore Hertzl

The creator of the idea of Zionism.

Sergei Witte

Prime Minister of Russia who sought to industrialize.

Count Cavour

Italian statesmen responsible for the unification of Italy.

Bismarck

Prussian minister who unified Germany.

Zollverein

A customs union of German states that excluded Austria.

Alexander II

Emperor of Russia who was credited with emancipating the serfs.

Nicholas II

Last Emperor of Russia who support Sergei Witte’s reforms.

Wilhelm I

First Emperor of a unified Germany.