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Time of Irish Immigration
1840s
Reason for Irish Settlement
potato famine
Region of Irish Settlement
Irish migrants settled in Northeastern cities like New York
Irish Contribution
Irish migrants worked on the Transcontinental Railroad
Irish Religion
Catholic
American Reaction to Irish Immigration
Americans viewed the Irish as a separate race, maintaining long-held prejudice towards the Irish-Catholics. Irish immigrants filled economic needs in the US, and they later settled in their own communities.
German Immigration
Germans fleeing political unrest in 1848 settled in Midwestern cities, introducing Lutheran/Reformed customs to American culture.
Chinese Immigration
Chinese immigrants arrived in Western cities during the 1840s seeking work in gold mines and agriculture, later shifting to railroad construction.
Oberlin Abolitionism
Oberlin, Ohio, played a key role in the abolition movement, opposing the Fugitive Slave Act and actively resisting the return of enslaved individuals.
Great Famine
Irish starvation and disease from 1845-1852 due to potato crop failure, leading to mass emigration to the US and spread of Irish culture.
Potato Blight
Devastating crop disease in Ireland from 1845-1850, a primary cause of Irish emigration to the US during the potato famine.
Horace Mann
Advocated using public schools to instill American values in immigrant children, emphasizing assimilation and education.
Mexican-American War
Conflict over Texas border, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, granting citizenship to Mexicans in new US territories.
United States Land Commission
Established to challenge Mexican land grants, treating all grants as invalid until proven, transitioning California to American control.
James G. Birney
Presidential nominee of the Liberty Party (1840), focused on preventing the spread of slavery into new territories.
Liberty Party
A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848
Edward Ruffin
Defender of slavery who argued that increasing slave value led to better treatment and quality of life for slaves compared to Northern workers.
Henry Highland Garnet
Prominent American abolitionist, minister, and escaped slave known for his militant approach to ending slavery.
Gabriel Prosser
Leader of Gabriel's Rebellion, a planned slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia, aiming to attack and free enslaved individuals.
Denmark Vesey
Free Black leader in Charleston, South Carolina, accused of planning a major slave revolt in 1822, modeled after the Haitian revolt.
Nat Turner
Led a violent slave revolt in 1831, causing terror in the South and leading to his capture and execution.
David Walker's Appeal
Warned about the consequences of continuing slavery, advocating for slave rebellion and freedom in his influential publication.
William Lloyd Garrison
Editor of 'The Liberator' and key figure in the Anti-Slavery Society, advocating for the total eradication of slavery in the US.
Free Labor Doctrine
Belief that free labor was morally and economically superior to slavery, a cornerstone of the antislavery movement.
Elijah Lovejoy
Martyred abolitionist newspaper editor who defended his right to publish antislavery material, highlighting the incompatibility of slavery with northern values.
Theodore Dwight Weld
Led antislavery revivals in the 1830s, charged with converting people to the idea that slavery is a sin, a key figure in the abolitionist movement.
Declaration of Sentiments
1848 document at Seneca Falls mirroring the Declaration of Independence, listing grievances against male-dominated culture, a pivotal moment in the women's rights movement.
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention, advocating for women's rights and equality in the 1830s and 1840s.
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
First female representatives of the American Anti-Slavery Society, active in advocating for abolition and women's rights.
Amelia Bloomer
Advocate for women's rights who promoted the use of trousers over skirts for practicality and freedom of movement.
Elizabeth Blackwell
First American female MD, breaking gender barriers in the medical field and paving the way for women in medicine.
Sojourner Truth
Prominent African American abolitionist and women's rights activist, known for her powerful speeches and advocacy for equality.
Susan B. Anthony
Key figure in the women's suffrage movement, advocating for women's right to vote and gender equality in the United States.
Seneca Falls Convention
1848 event advocating for women's equality and voting rights
Women's Rights Movement
Developed in the 1830s and 1840s, influenced by abolitionism and reform movements
Elizabeth Stanton
Author of the Declaration of Sentiments, key figure in women's rights
19th Amendment
Passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote in the US
Second Great Awakening
Influenced women's rights movement, sparked social reform
Abolitionist Movement
Inspired women to advocate for equality and voting rights
Fremont
Nicknamed Pathfinder of the West, associated with 'free speech, free soil, and Fremont'
Southern Fire-Eaters
Threatened secession if Fremont was elected
Know-Nothing
1854 created; Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, Millard Fillmore 1856 election, former president, associated with the party
Dred Scott
Slave who sued for his freedom
Dred Scott Decision
1857 ruling by Chief Justice Taney declaring black people had no rights
- Declared Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
- Essentially declared any slavery-prohibiting law unconstitutional
- Interesting because Taney was famous in 1819 for defending an anti-slavery preacher in MD
- Court's "Great Self-Inflicted Wound"
Panic of 1857
Resulted from overproduction of Northern wheat, affecting North more than South
Lincoln/Douglas Debates
1858 debates where Lincoln lost but became Republican nominee for presidency
Harper's Ferry Raid
1859 John Brown's attack to end slavery with violence
John Brown
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
Election of 1860
Lincoln's victory sparking secessions and war threats
How did Lincoln win the Election of 1860?
Lincoln was able to win this election because the Democratic party spilt into 2 and had 2 candidates running. Lincoln won almost all of the Northern states, which gave him enough electoral votes to become president. Won in electoral college.
Confederate States of America
Formed in 1861 with Jefferson Davis as president, emphasizing states' rights and slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln's order to free slaves in rebelling areas controlled by the Union
Internal Revenue Service
Established federal income tax in 1861 to fund the war
Copperheads
Northern Democrats opposing the war
Fort Wagner
Site of a violent battle where the 54th Massachusetts Regiment suffered heavy losses
Battle of Antietam
Decisive Union victory in 1862, bloodiest day in American history
Four Border States
DE, MD, KY, and MS; slaveholding states Lincoln wanted to keep in the Union
13th Amendment
Outlawed slavery in 1865
Appomattox Courthouse Surrender
April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War
John Wilkes Booth
Assassin of Lincoln in 1865
Juneteenth
June 19th, 1865, when Texan slaves were informed of their freedom
Reconstruction Amendments
13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments passed post-war to grant rights to African-Americans
Winfield Scott
Proposed the Anaconda Plan to choke out the Confederacy
First Battle of Bull Run
1861 Union loss in Northern Virginia, leading to the formation of the Army of the Potomac
USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia
Battle of the Ironclads demonstrating the effectiveness of iron-plated ships
David Farragut
Union admiral who captured New Orleans in 1862
Shenandoah Valley
Strategic location during the Civil War
George McClellan
General of the Potomac Army, criticized for slow actions and overestimating the Confederacy
George Pickett
Confederate general known for Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg
Albert 'Stonewall' Jackson
Renowned Confederate general known for his tactics and bravery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
popular sovereignty (Stephen Douglas)
People of territory determine whether the area would be slave or free; negated the Missouri Compromise line; Partakes in Lincoln-Douglas debates and wins Senate seat over Lincoln, but loses 1860 Presidency to him.
Anaconda Plan
1861 Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
The Peninsular Campaign
1862: McClellan's plan to capture Richmond (SLOWLY)
When/Where did the Battle of Antietam take place?
1862, Maryland
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
Union succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces, pushed Confederates out of taking DC, single bloodiest day in American history with 23,000 dead
Northern Democrats
Backed Stephen Douglas and popular sovereignity; "let the south cede to avoid war!"; opposed Emancipation Proclamation
Copperheads
A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and the war; sympathized with the South during the Civil War
Congressman Clement Vallandigham
Spokesperson of the Copperheads
1863 New York Draft Riot
Was a major four-day eruption of violence in New York City resulting from deep worker discontent with the inequities of conscription during the U.S. Civil War. Because of their low wages, often less than $500 a year, they were particularly antagonized by the federal provision allowing more affluent draftees to buy their way out of the Federal Army for $300.
Robert E. Lee
Commander of the Confederate Army
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
Army of Northern Virginia
The main Confederate army led for most of the war by Robert E. Lee, it fought in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania before surrendering at Appomattox Court House in April 1865
Appomattox Court House, 1865
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War
Ulysses S. (unconditional surrender) Grant
General of the Union Army
Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address
Two important declarations changing reason for the Civil War
Confederate strategy
fight a defensive war
Fort Sumner 1861
First shots of the Civil War, when the Confederacy fired upon a Union military base
Battle of Bull Run 1861
First major land battle of the Civil War; Union loss in Northern Virginia due to an unpredicted confederate charge with the rebel yell
rebel yell
A frightening yell that Confederate soldiers gave when entering battle. Many Northern troops commented on how unnerving it could be.
Army of the Potomac
The main army of the Union.
Union Navy
used to blockade the South and cut off their supplies
Death of Stonewall Jackson
Killed by friendly fire at Chancellorsville, 1863
Vicksburg 1863
Turning point of the Civil War in the West. Northern troops led by Ulysses S. Grant gained full control of the Mississippi River.
Election of 1848 Candidates
Candidates:
1. Zachary Taylor - WINNER, honest, ignorant (whig)
2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue)
3. Lewis Cass - father of popular sovereignty (Democrat).
Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as a free state.
(2) New Mexico as a territorial government with no restriction on slavery & no votes in the Senate.
(3) Give some Texas land to New Mexico; pay Texas $10 million
(4)Ended the slave trade (not slavery) in the District of Columbia
(4)Fugitive slave law; South can go into North to pursue slaves
Responses to the Compromise
(1) Northern Democrats accept
(2) Whigs split over it (Webster unpopular in MA)
(3) Free Soilers denounce it
(4) Mixed southern reactions
California gold rush, 1849
Mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850
Election of 1852 candidates
BETWEEN:
(1) Democrats: Franklin Pierce: Appealed more broadly to the divided parties (Dem) due to being unknown/uncontroversial
(2_ Whigs: Winfield Scott, 'Old Fuss and Feathers'; war hero
Election of 1852 aftermath
WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott
Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott;
Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties.