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Body Fluids
Composed of water, electrolytes, blood plasma, cells, proteins, and solutes.
Water Composition
40% to 60% of an average adult's weight is water.
Gender Differences
Females have a higher proportion of body weight as water compared to males.
Infant Water Composition
Infants consist of 75% to 80% water.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Maintained primarily by the kidneys.
ADH
Hormone from the pituitary gland that regulates osmotic pressure by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Aldosterone
Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium reabsorption and extracellular fluid volume.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Fluid Intake
Average daily intake is 2.2L from food/drink and 0.3L from metabolism.
Insensible Water Loss
Approximately 0.9L/day lost through skin and lungs.
Urine Output
Average urine output is about 1.5L/day.
Fluid Volume Deficit
Occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake; common causes include diarrhea and vomiting.
High-Risk Groups for Fluid Volume Deficit
Older adults, infants, patients with chronic diseases, and those taking diuretics.
Symptoms of Dehydration in Adults
Thirst, dry mouth, headache, dark urine, and dizziness.
Symptoms of Dehydration in Infants
Crying without tears, no wet diapers for three hours, and sunken eyes.
Fluid Volume Excess
Occurs when there is increased fluid retention in the intravascular compartment.
High-Risk Groups for Fluid Volume Excess
Patients with heart failure, kidney failure, and cirrhosis.
Signs of Fluid Volume Excess
Pitting edema, ascites, and dyspnea.
Treatment for Fluid Retention
Sodium and fluid restriction, diuretics, and dietary changes.
Isotonic IV Solutions
Have similar concentrations of dissolved particles as blood; used for fluid volume deficit.
Examples of Isotonic Solutions
0.9% Normal Saline, Lactated Ringerās Solution, and 5% Dextrose in Water.
Hypotonic IV Solutions
Have lower concentrations of dissolved solutes than blood; used to treat cellular dehydration.
Example of Hypotonic Solution
0.45% NaCl.
Hypertonic IV Solutions
Have higher concentrations of dissolved solutes than blood; used in specific medical situations.
IV Therapy
Administration of fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, and medications.
Drop Chamber
Allows counting of drops per minute for flow rate monitoring.
Roll Valve Clamp
Used to adjust the flow rate of IV fluids.
Access Ports
Used for infusing secondary medications and administering IV push medications.
IV Piggyback
Method of administering medications through an existing IV line.
IV Computation
Involves calculating drip factors for different manufacturers.
Infiltration
Occurs when IV fluid leaks into surrounding tissue due to catheter displacement.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a complication of IV therapy.
Complications of IV Therapy
Include circulatory overload, air embolism, catheter embolism, and systemic infection.
I&O Sheet
A tool used to track intake and output of fluids in patients.