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Who was Erasmus?
Wrote book on Northern Humanism influenced by Christianity (praise of folly)
How was Italy organized during the Renaissance?
City states (Venice, Florence, Papal states)
Where in Western Europe was there a strong Muslim influence?
Spain
Characteristics of Renaissance Humanism
Referred to the classics (Ancient Greece and Rome) and believed in the individual worth
Characteristics of Northern Humanism
Same as renaissance humanism, except adding the Bible and God in as well
Spain's big events in 1492
Columbus sailed the ocean blue; reconquista- gaining control back from Muslims (moors); expelled the Jews
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Florence
Advice of Niccolo Machiavelli
"The Prince"- advice to princes; rule with fear over love, but try to find some middle ground
Characteristics of Renaissance art
Realistic, classic references, perspective, light/dark, focus on the individual, nudity
Characteristics of the new monarchs
Weaken nobles; want to be absolutist and build a bureacracy
Responses of the Catholic Church to the reformation
Excommunicated Martin Luther and other leaders, new schools, convents for women, new religious orders (Jesuits), created a list of books Christians shouldn't read
Sites of the religious wars during the 16th century
France, England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire
Spread of reformation
John Calvin and his new ideas- printing press
Council of Trent's results
Response to the reform- changed practices but not beliefs or doctrines
Difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism
Calvinism believed in predestination- that everyone was predestined to heaven or hell; Lutheranism believed where you go was determined throughout your life time
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV ends religious civil wars in France
Luther's response to the German Peasant's war
Was okay with it until blood started to shed- "Against the murderous thieving hordes of peasants"
Politiques Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France
Politique- practical politics and decisions favoring peace and order; seek middle ground
Peace of Augsburg's terms
Ends religious wars in German states- ruler can either make land Catholic or Lutheran (1555)
Characteristics of Baroque Art
big; over the top; awesome
What Holy Roman Emperor most strongly opposed the early Protestant Reformation?
Charles V
How were the Europeans able to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires?
Diseases, guns and armor, use of horses, small pox, allied themselves with local tribes
Who was the first European to sail to India and back?
De Gama
Who detailed the mistreatment of Native Americans by the Spanish?
De las casa
Describe the price revolution
Silver came from the new world and caused inflation in Spain, increase in demand (more people), money is worth less so prices go up
What country dominated 17th century trade?
Portuguese, then Spain, DUTCH IN THE 17th CENTURY, after that it was the English
Terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas
New world split between Spain and Portugal western- Spain eastern- Portuguese except Brazil
What country dominated continental culture and politics in the 17th century?
French
Reason for the Palace of Versailles
To weaken nobility and keep an eye on them and to show off
Describe the Commonwealth period in England
Oliver Cromwell- military dictator; took over Charles II; restoring the monarchy- period after the English civil war
Expansion of France under Louis XIV
Netherlands and Dutch; secured French borders; the Dutch open up dykes and levies and flood fields so French can't invade; spain- potential of grandson to get Spain and France- people freak out and have the war of Spanish succession (1701-1714) creates the peace of Utrecht (1713)
Effect of the Glorious Revolution in England
No one died; William and Mary replace James the II (super Catholic) Mary and William sign the English bill of rights (constitutional monarchy)
Describe the trend in the English monarch's power since Charles I until now
There is still a monarch, but every time a new monarch comes to throne their power diminishes; now the queen of England has no power
Causes of the English Civil War
(1642-1649) parliament wouldn't give Charles I money or army so he tried to arrest leaders so they both raise armies
The advice of Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes (1651)- says government exist to keep wicked people in order; monarchy is the best type of government to do this
Reasons for Dutch prosperity
Shipping and trading; settlement in South Africa; religious tolerance allows productive members from other countries to immigrate
Edict of Fountianbleu
Louis XIV; revokes the edict of Nantes and seeks to unify French under one religion (catholiscism)
Terms of the Treaty of Utrecht
The 2 thrones of France and Spain could never be divided even if it means a woman takes the throne. France gets Alsace, English gets parts of Canada, slave trade and Gibraltar, Austria gets Belgium, Prussia created
Characteristics of mercantilism
Tried to keep as much of that states resources in that state as possible (ex. Navigation acts)- John baptist cobert
How did Austria attempt to control the Holy Roman Empire during the 17th century?
War because Ferdinand II tried to take power from Protestants; took power by force
What were the results of the 30 years war?
Peace of Westphalia (catholiscism, Lutheranism, Calvinism)
Most powerful Eastern autocracies (absolute monarchies) in 1500
Moscow, Moscovi, Ottomans
How did the size of empires affect their rulers effectiveness?
Bigger size= more people= harder to control
What was the purpose of St. Petersburg
Weaken nobility (boyars), westernized city and warm water port
Pragmatic Sanction
Habsburg land to never be divided, even if it means a woman takes the throne
Who led Brandenburg to become Prussia?
Fredrick William the Great Elector
Accomplishments of Peter the Great
Westernized Russia, develops warm water port in the Baltic
Who led Russia's great expansion?
Catherine the Great
What was the major societal difference between Western and Eastern Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries?
East: serfdom, economy dominated by agriculture
West: no serfdom, merchants and trade
Treaty of Westphalia
Ends religious wars, Dutch and Swiss gain independance
Purpose of Peter the Great's beard tax
To westernize Russia
John Locke's views on human nature
People are reasonable and born as a blank slate
How did philosophers believe progress would be achieved?
Through reason, logic, and experimentation
What view did Galileo and Newton support?
Heliocentric view (Earth revolves around the Sun)
Describe salons
Weekly gathering, cards and dinner, intellectual conversation about thought
Characteristics of enlightened absolutists
Supported the arts and education, expanded religious tolerance, made governments more efficient, DID NOT PURSUE PEACEFUL FOREIGN POLICIES
Describe Empiricism. Who promoted it most?
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense or experience. Francis Bacon.
Describe the theories of Social Contract
Hobbes thought people were bad, life would be brutal, give up rights to gov to then get safety. Best kind is absolute monarchy. Rousseau between all people and follow majority rule
How did the Scientific Revolution affect people's understanding of the universe?
Dism God is the clock maker but doesn't interact with his creation. Universe works on understandable, repeatable math
What thinker provided an explanation on the planets elliptical orbits?
Kepler
Identify those rulers identified as Enlightened Absolutists
Catherine the great Russia, Frederick the great of Prussia, Joseph the 2nd of Austria
What were the techniques of the Enlightenment philosophers?
Researching God, reasoning, astrology, use reason to question the world around you to achieve progress
How did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
Empiricism
Describe how the Scientific Revolution reconciled an ordered universe with a belief in a creator.
Deism
Who was Adam Smith?
Against mercantilism(government tried to get precious metal, forces people to buy things), against government intervention and capitalism. Associate capitalism with him, believes to make goods better or price goes down
Drawback of three field agriculture
1/3 of the land always remained empty. Crop rotation was used to counter this
What caused the population explosion?
More crops, so more people survived diseases they got
Where did the Agricultural Revolution begin?
Netherlands(Low Countries) because of good soil
Effects of the Agricultural Revolution
Rising population and less of population needs to be farmers so they can go work in factories
Tenets of capitalism
Adam smith
Importance of Crop rotation
All of your field has plants every year
Women made up a majority of domestic service workers
Just know this
Nuclear families predominated in the 16th and 17th century
Just know this
In the 19th century, the desire for women's rights was primarily concerned with a woman's right to own and control their own property.
Just know this
In the 18th century, middle class families became more child-centered and nurturing.
They let themselves become more nurturing twards children because they wouldn't die; just know this
What was the major critique of Old Regime France?
Nobles and clergy didn't pay taxes, 3rd estate soon all work
Where did the use of Left and Right as political terms originate?
Where they sat in the national legislative assembly left is radical, and right is conservative
What led to the French Revolution?
Hunger, high bread prices, poor leadership,financial crisis
What law turned many French people (especially peasants against the French Revolution?
Law that priests had to swear to French government not God. It's called: civil constitution of the clergy
What was the purpose of the women's match on Versailles?
The price of bread is to high, and they want it cheaper
What was the goal of the Continental System?
Tried to hurt the British economically; does not work
What were the advantages of the French Army in their always against the rest of Europe?
Nationalism, instead of fighting for a monarch they are fighting for themselves.
What led to the declining power of the French monarchy in the decades prior to the French Revolution?
Monarchy looses power because parliament, courts, and representative bodies grow stronger
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