RM Exam 2 papers

Roth and Townsend “Indigenous and decolonial futures: Indigenous protected and conserved areas as potential pathways of reconciliation" what were the key research questions?

• what challenges Indigenous people may face when establishing and caring for Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCA)

• explore intersections between conservation and reconciliation and see how IPCAs can be used as potential pathways to reconciliation

What were the hypothesis in Roth and Townsend?

IPCAs could be pathways of reconciliation through certain stipulations that Crown governments are supportive of these initiatives

What methods did Townsend and Roth use?

worked with the Dasiqox-Nexwagwez and Initiative and Kitasoo Xai’xais Stewardship Authority to assess and design the research scope.

• Leadership and Governance Meetings (2019-2020) - Participant observation

• Key Informant interviews (2020) - With leadership and core staff of the stewardship authorities

• These actions were carried out by the author to promote relationship building and further understanding of indigenous struggles.

• 24 Interviews and 6 Public Webinars (2018-2021) - Conducted with Indigenous conservation leaders across Canada

What statistical analyses did Townsend and Roth use? 

none - This study focused exclusively on interviews with open ended questions and conversations (and also additional research)  

How did Townsend and Roth analyze data?

analyzed interviews with the various different groups spoken to and emphasized key points regarding the struggles of IPCAs

What were the key findings in townsend and roth indigenous paper

• Indigenous people are still criminalized within parks that are created in their territories, and they limit indigenous governance to advisory roles.

• Jurisdiction over land and water is contested and unresolved.

• Building on early regimes of displacement, conservation efforts have taken away land from Indigenous peoples.

• IPCAs are hindered in key areas of resource extraction law and legislation, financing, relationships and capacity, and jurisdiction and governance.

• 5 different key areas of struggle: resource extraction (who can do it/how much can take), law and legislation (who rules what), financing (how do things get funded), relationship building (with other government officials), jurisdiction, and governance

What were the key research questions in Pumphrey and Meletis 2023 “roadside bear viewing”? 

• Inform park management and reduce negative impacts of road side bear viewing (traffic within national parks, negative human-bear interactions, or disturbance of habitat)

• Explore the public interest upon bear viewing and ‘bear jams’

• Grasp a better understand of how visitors are interacting with bear

What was the research goal in Pumphrey and Meletis bear paper?

explore public perception of bear jams and how managers can use these perceptions to make management changes

What methods did Pumphrey and Meletis use? 

• Cross sectional case study

• Mixed methods social server

• Purposive sampling

Did Pumphrey and Meletis do statistical testing? 

yes, they conducted thematic coding but no specifically defined IV or DV

What were the key findings in Pumphrey and Meletis? 

• most visitors responded that bear jams negatively impacted their park experience

• Public supported increased enforcement and the implementation of new policy (no stop zones, increase in online support from park officials)

What was the research question in Brahney et. al “Plastic Rain in Polluted Areas of the United States”? 

Do wet (rain/snow/storms) or dry deposition (wind, tornadoes, etc.) deliver plastics differently in terms of source, size, and transport distance?

What were the author(s) hypotheses, or their main objective if they were conducting exploratory research in the plastic rain study?

Exploratory, non-experimental research

• did not have a hypothesis but set out to determine likely sources of microplastics (are small particles wet or dry deposited)

What methods were used in Brahney et. al?

Quantitative

• sampled from 11 protected areas in the western U.S. for wet deposition, collecting soil when raining, quantified plastics

• (HYSPLIT) model data used for dry deposition, tracking wind concentrations and pattern of movement (where it’s coming from)

Did Brahney et. al use statistical testing? what were the IV and DV? 

IV: The environmental conditions in which the plastics are deposited (dry conditions vs. wet conditions).

DV: Abundance of plastics, Type of plastics (microfibers vs. particles), The source/origin of plastics (regional urban centers vs. global transport)

What statistical testing did Brahney et. al use?

Correlation - no hypothesis though

What were the key findings of Brahney et. al plastic rain in the US study? 

Regional plastics were likely from wet deposition and dry plastic deposition was linked to longer transport

• dry has ‘negative correlation’ to global transport

• wet reported evidence linking to regional distribution

• Microplastics were found in 98% of their samples

• wet deposition sites were clustered around city centers, suggesting that city centers will have more polymer atmospheric pollution

What was the main research question in Abukari and Mwalyosi “Comparing pressures on national parks in Ghana and Tanzania: The case of Mole and Tarangire National Parks”? 

what are the pressures and threats on the Mole National Park in Ghana and the Tarangire National Park in Tanzania?

What were the hypothesis or main goals of Abukari?

1. “assess the biological importance of the Mole NP in Ghana and Tarangire NP in Tanzania;

2. assess pressures and threats on the Mole NP and the Tarangire NP

3. determine the perceptions of local communities on the use of forest and wildlife resources and its implication on the threats and pressures identified”

What methods were used in the Abukari national park study?

Key informant interviews with park leaders and staff

• questions surrounding the identification of threats and pressures the park is currently facing

• measured 2 indicators (extent, impact, and persistence) on a likert scale

Household surveys were conducted in 3 communities neighboring the parks

• closed-ended questions describing the perceptions of the local parks

What statistical testing was done in Abukari Ghana national park study?

Chi square

V#1 = Park Location

V#2 = Agreement/disagreement with statements

What were the key findings of Abukari’s National park study? 

• Funding is required in protected areas to maintain biodiversity and enforce poaching regulations

• PA’s with more biodiversity generally receive more funding and protections

• Perceptions of conservation in Ghana reflect these findings, with most of the population being in support of hunting in the Mole National Park