Animal Nutrition ANML SC 505 - Horse Nutrition

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Flashcards about horse nutrition, covering topics like GI physiology, forage quality, energy systems, nutritional diseases and ration balancing.

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59 Terms

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Domestic Animal Nutrition

Considerations for nutrition plans including GI Physiology and Animal Use.

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Nutritive Value

Animal response per unit weight.

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Feeding Value

Animal response when fed ad libitum, includes nutrition and voluntary consumption.

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Palatability

Indicates if an animal will eat the feed.

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Intake

How much of the feed an animal will eat.

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Digestibility

Percentage of leaves versus stems that are digestible.

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Anti-quality factors

Factors that negatively affect animal performance.

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Relative Forage Quality (RFQ)

Calculated as (DMI × TDN) ÷1.23, measures forage quality.

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DMI

Dry matter intake.

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TDN

Total digestible nutrients.

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Relative Feed Value (RFV)

Calculated as (DMI× DDM)÷1.29, measures feed value.

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DDM

Digestible Dry Matter

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DE

Digestible Energy, a good estimate for energy needs in horses.

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Nutritional Diseases in Horses

Laminitis, Myopathies, Developmental orthopedic disease.

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Horse Feeding Characteristics

Long eating period (12-18h/d).

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Components of Saliva in Horses

Bicarbonate and electrolytes.

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Light Exercise

NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 80 bpm.

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Moderate Exercise

NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 90 bpm.

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Heavy Exercise

NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 110 bpm.

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Very Heavy Exercise

NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 110-115 bpm.

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Crude Protein (CP) Maintenance

Protein requirement calculation: Maintenance CP in grams/day = body weight (BW) x 1.26 g/kgBW/d.

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Lysine Minimum

Minimum lysine requirement: 36mg/kg/day.

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Lysine Optimal

Optimal lysine requirement: 54mg/kg/day.

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Protein Deficiency Symptoms

Depressed appetite, poor growth, loss of weight, reduced milk production.

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Calcium and Phosphorus

Needed for bone growth and muscle function.

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Electrolytes

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

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Sodium Supplementation

White salt blocks (NaCl).

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Vitamins A and E

Present in fresh forage, poorer in dried forage.

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Concentrates

Grains/Processed Grains, Oats, Barley, Corn

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Characteristics of Grains

High NSC, low fiber, variable protein.

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Extruded Feeds

Extruded easier to digest than pelleted.

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Beet pulp (Non-molassed)

High fiber, low NSC, moderate protein

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Oils

Bloom, weight gain, reduced ulcer risk?

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Ration Balancers

Very high protein and vitamin/mineral density.

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Nutraceuticals

Pharmacological effect, Calcium salts, herbs, amino acids, antioxidants

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Ration Design Strategy

Estimation of weight, assessment of lifestage and activity, formulate ration.

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Dry Matter Intake

Most horses voluntarily consume 1.5-2.5% of their body weight in Dry Matter per day

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Dry Matter Content

Fresh forage 20-30% DM

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Determine Nutritional Needs

Calculations (eg NRC).

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Nutrition Surveillance

Calculating/formulating a correct ration is only the first step in ensuring proper nutrition.

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Body Condition Score (BCS)

Standardized way to assess nutrition without relying on weight.

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Hennecke Body Condition Score

Assessment of fat deposition in 6 areas both visually and by palpation.

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Regional Adiposity

Abnormal fat accumulations, Tail, over ribs, crest of neck, prepuce, mammary glands, above the eyes.

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Cresty Neck Score

Is a scale from 0-5 and a score ≥3 is a “cresty neck”.

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Toxicities

Horses are particularly susceptible to, Contaminants potentially lead to disease.

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Top 5 toxins to horses

Oleander, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Yellow Star Thistle, Dogbane, Foxtail

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Fescue Endophytes

Delayed parturition, developmental problems in foals.

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Perennial ryegrass Endophytes

Blind staggers.

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Corn Mycotoxins

Fumonisin (moldy corn disease), degradation of white matter of brain.

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Clover Mycotoxins

Slaframine: Ptyalism (“slobbers”).

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Ionophores

Extreme toxicity to horses, Cardiac muscle damage.

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Botulism

Toxin from Clostridium botulinum, Nerve dysfunction/Flaccid paralysis.

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Cantharidin

Blister beetle toxin, Found in alfalfa bales, Colic, shock, death.

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Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity to insulin dysregulation.

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Myopathy

Muscle damage (following exercise).

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Developmental Orthopedic Disease

Foals with high energy intake (rapid growth).

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Predisposing factors to Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome

High concentrate feeding, Limited forage/turnout, Stress.

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Squamous mucosa

Unprotected region of the equine stomach.

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Glandular mucosa

Protected by mucus region of the equine stomach.