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Flashcards about horse nutrition, covering topics like GI physiology, forage quality, energy systems, nutritional diseases and ration balancing.
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Domestic Animal Nutrition
Considerations for nutrition plans including GI Physiology and Animal Use.
Nutritive Value
Animal response per unit weight.
Feeding Value
Animal response when fed ad libitum, includes nutrition and voluntary consumption.
Palatability
Indicates if an animal will eat the feed.
Intake
How much of the feed an animal will eat.
Digestibility
Percentage of leaves versus stems that are digestible.
Anti-quality factors
Factors that negatively affect animal performance.
Relative Forage Quality (RFQ)
Calculated as (DMI × TDN) ÷1.23, measures forage quality.
DMI
Dry matter intake.
TDN
Total digestible nutrients.
Relative Feed Value (RFV)
Calculated as (DMI× DDM)÷1.29, measures feed value.
DDM
Digestible Dry Matter
DE
Digestible Energy, a good estimate for energy needs in horses.
Nutritional Diseases in Horses
Laminitis, Myopathies, Developmental orthopedic disease.
Horse Feeding Characteristics
Long eating period (12-18h/d).
Components of Saliva in Horses
Bicarbonate and electrolytes.
Light Exercise
NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 80 bpm.
Moderate Exercise
NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 90 bpm.
Heavy Exercise
NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 110 bpm.
Very Heavy Exercise
NRC Exercise Category with an average heart rate of 110-115 bpm.
Crude Protein (CP) Maintenance
Protein requirement calculation: Maintenance CP in grams/day = body weight (BW) x 1.26 g/kgBW/d.
Lysine Minimum
Minimum lysine requirement: 36mg/kg/day.
Lysine Optimal
Optimal lysine requirement: 54mg/kg/day.
Protein Deficiency Symptoms
Depressed appetite, poor growth, loss of weight, reduced milk production.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Needed for bone growth and muscle function.
Electrolytes
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
Sodium Supplementation
White salt blocks (NaCl).
Vitamins A and E
Present in fresh forage, poorer in dried forage.
Concentrates
Grains/Processed Grains, Oats, Barley, Corn
Characteristics of Grains
High NSC, low fiber, variable protein.
Extruded Feeds
Extruded easier to digest than pelleted.
Beet pulp (Non-molassed)
High fiber, low NSC, moderate protein
Oils
Bloom, weight gain, reduced ulcer risk?
Ration Balancers
Very high protein and vitamin/mineral density.
Nutraceuticals
Pharmacological effect, Calcium salts, herbs, amino acids, antioxidants
Ration Design Strategy
Estimation of weight, assessment of lifestage and activity, formulate ration.
Dry Matter Intake
Most horses voluntarily consume 1.5-2.5% of their body weight in Dry Matter per day
Dry Matter Content
Fresh forage 20-30% DM
Determine Nutritional Needs
Calculations (eg NRC).
Nutrition Surveillance
Calculating/formulating a correct ration is only the first step in ensuring proper nutrition.
Body Condition Score (BCS)
Standardized way to assess nutrition without relying on weight.
Hennecke Body Condition Score
Assessment of fat deposition in 6 areas both visually and by palpation.
Regional Adiposity
Abnormal fat accumulations, Tail, over ribs, crest of neck, prepuce, mammary glands, above the eyes.
Cresty Neck Score
Is a scale from 0-5 and a score ≥3 is a “cresty neck”.
Toxicities
Horses are particularly susceptible to, Contaminants potentially lead to disease.
Top 5 toxins to horses
Oleander, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Yellow Star Thistle, Dogbane, Foxtail
Fescue Endophytes
Delayed parturition, developmental problems in foals.
Perennial ryegrass Endophytes
Blind staggers.
Corn Mycotoxins
Fumonisin (moldy corn disease), degradation of white matter of brain.
Clover Mycotoxins
Slaframine: Ptyalism (“slobbers”).
Ionophores
Extreme toxicity to horses, Cardiac muscle damage.
Botulism
Toxin from Clostridium botulinum, Nerve dysfunction/Flaccid paralysis.
Cantharidin
Blister beetle toxin, Found in alfalfa bales, Colic, shock, death.
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity to insulin dysregulation.
Myopathy
Muscle damage (following exercise).
Developmental Orthopedic Disease
Foals with high energy intake (rapid growth).
Predisposing factors to Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
High concentrate feeding, Limited forage/turnout, Stress.
Squamous mucosa
Unprotected region of the equine stomach.
Glandular mucosa
Protected by mucus region of the equine stomach.