Blood Ca for neet pg

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL)

A 6-year-old child presents with fatigue and bone pain. Lab shows blast cells that are TdT+, CD10+, CD19+.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL)

A 16-year-old boy presents with dyspnea and chest pain. Chest X-ray shows mediastinal mass. Flow cytometry reveals TdT+, CD3+, CD7+ cells.

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3-AML)

A 45-year-old adult presents with bleeding tendency. Peripheral smear shows blasts with Auer rods. Flow cytometry is MPO+ with t(15;17) translocation.

Most common leukemia in children

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL)

AML subtype with specific targeted therapy

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3-AML)

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A 70-year-old man presents with fatigue and lymphadenopathy. Peripheral smear shows smudge cells. Flow cytometry reveals CD5+, CD23+ cells.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

A 40-year-old man presents with fatigue and splenomegaly. CBC shows markedly elevated WBC with basophilia. Cytogenetics reveals t(9;22).

Hairy Cell Leukemia

A patient presents with pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Bone marrow biopsy shows dry tap. The cells have hairy cytoplasmic projections and are TRAP+, CD11c+, CD25+, CD103+.

Most common leukemia in adults over 50 years

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Philadelphia chromosome

t(9;22) in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A 25-year-old presents with painless cervical lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy shows Reed-Sternberg cells with owl's-eye nucleus.

Pathognomonic cells for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Reed-Sternberg cells

Owl's-eye nucleus

Characteristic of Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin Lymphoma)

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

A 35-year-old HIV-positive patient presents with generalized lymphadenopathy and extranodal masses.

Burkitt Lymphoma (NHL)

An African child presents with a jaw mass. Biopsy shows starry-sky appearance with t(8;14) translocation.

Follicular Lymphoma (NHL)

A 60-year-old presents with generalized lymphadenopathy. Biopsy shows t(14;18) translocation. This is an indolent lymphoma.

Most common type of NHL

A patient presents with a rapidly enlarging mass.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

A type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by large B-cells.

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (NHL)

A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma identified by CD5+ B-cells, cyclin D1 overexpression, and t(11;14).

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL)

A condition associated with HTLV-1 positive patients presenting with lytic bone lesions and lymphadenopathy.

Sézary Syndrome (Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma)

A condition characterized by skin lesions, erythroderma, and the presence of Sézary cells with cerebriform nuclei.

Burkitt Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma known for its starry-sky appearance on histology.

Follicular Lymphoma

The most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Cerebriform nuclei

Pathognomonic for Sézary cells found in Sézary Syndrome.

Multiple Myeloma

A plasma cell disorder presenting with bone pain, renal failure, and hypercalcemia, characterized by rouleaux formation.

M-spike on SPEP

A finding in Multiple Myeloma along with CRAB features.

Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

A condition with an isolated M-spike on electrophoresis but no CRAB features, considered a precursor to Multiple Myeloma.

Solitary Plasmacytoma

A condition presenting with a single bone lesion and monoclonal spike on electrophoresis.

Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

A condition characterized by increased IgM levels and hyperviscosity syndrome with visual disturbances and bleeding.

CRAB

An acronym in Multiple Myeloma standing for hypercalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions.

Polycythemia Vera

A myeloproliferative neoplasm with markedly increased RBC mass, decreased EPO levels, and JAK2 mutation.

Essential Thrombocythemia

A myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by elevated platelets and a history of thrombosis with JAK2 mutation.

Primary Myelofibrosis

A condition presenting with pancytopenia and teardrop RBCs on smear, with bone marrow showing fibrosis and dry tap.

Primary Polycythemia (Polycythemia Vera)

Indicated by high RBC count with low EPO levels.

Teardrop-shaped RBCs

Characteristic of Primary Myelofibrosis.

JAK2 mutation

Commonly associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms such as Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, and Primary Myelofibrosis.

Cytopenias

A condition presented by a 70-year-old patient with dysplastic changes in bone marrow showing <20% blasts.

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells.

Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts

A patient has anemia with ringed sideroblasts and iron-laden mitochondria on bone marrow.

Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (RAEB)

A patient has 5-19% blasts in bone marrow with multilineage dysplasia.

What blast percentage differentiates MDS from AML?

Ringed sideroblasts

Iron accumulation in mitochondria causes this morphologic finding.

t(9;22) translocation

Associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Philadelphia chromosome.

t(15;17) translocation

Pathognomonic for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3-AML).

t(8;14) translocation

Characteristic of Burkitt Lymphoma.

t(14;18) translocation

Seen in Follicular Lymphoma.

t(11;14) translocation

Associated with Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

B-ALL

Most likely leukemia in a 5-year-old child presenting with bone pain and bleeding.

T-ALL

Most likely leukemia in a 15-year-old with mediastinal mass and respiratory symptoms.

CML

Most likely leukemia in a 45-year-old with splenomegaly and markedly elevated WBC.

CLL

Most likely leukemia in a 70-year-old with painless lymphadenopathy and fatigue.

Elderly patients

Myelodysplastic syndrome typically affects this age group.

TdT positivity

Indicates Lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

CD5+ and CD23+ positivity

Indicates Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

TRAP positivity

Characteristic of Hairy Cell Leukemia.

MPO positivity

Indicates Myeloid lineage (AML).

Dry tap on bone marrow biopsy

Seen in Hairy Cell Leukemia and Primary Myelofibrosis.

Smudge cells

Pathognomonic for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Rouleaux formation

Suggests Multiple Myeloma.

Hyperviscosity syndrome

Caused by excess of IgM in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia.

DIC and bleeding

Most likely seen in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3-AML).

Jaw mass in African setting

Most likely subtype is Burkitt Lymphoma.

Rapidly progressive lymphadenopathy in HIV patient

Most likely diagnosis is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Kidney failure and bone pain

Diagnosis is Multiple Myeloma.

Skin lesions and abnormal lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei

Diagnosis is Sézary Syndrome (Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma).