European, East Asian, and Gunpowder Empires Expand

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes.

Gunpowder Empires

Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories (1450-1750).

New Monarchies (Europe, 1500s)

Result of leaders' desire to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion.

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

Crowned tsar in 1547; expanded the Russian border eastward by taking control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.

Cossacks

Fierce peasant warriors hired by the Stroganovs to fight local tribes and the Siberian khan, helping to gain control of the Volga River.

Ming Dynasty

Dynasty that ओवरthrown the Yuan Dynasty in 1368 and managed to stabilize the East Asian region for nearly 300 years.

Qing Dynasty

Established in 1644 by the Manchu from Manchuria, ruling China until 1911.

Kangxi

One of China's longest-reigning emperors (ruled 1661-1722), presiding over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty.

Emperor Qianlong

Important Qing ruler (ruled 1736-1796), a poet knowledgeable in art and calligraphy, who initiated military campaigns leading to the annexation of Xinjiang.

White Lotus Rebellion

Uprising (1796-1804) organized by peasants in response to high taxes and a desire to restore the Ming Dynasty; brutally suppressed by the Qing government.

Tamerlane (Timur the Lame)

built large empire in central asia and middle east; brutal military tactics;helps spread islam and persian culture

Ghazi Ideal

warrior code that combined islamic faith with military conquest; helped turkic tribes unite

Mehmed II (The Conqueror)

Ottoman ruler (ruled 1451-1481) who firmly established the empire's capital after besieging Constantinople in 1453.

Suleiman I (The Magnificent)

Ottoman ruler (ruled 1520–1566) under whose reign the empire reached its peak.

Shah

Equivalent to king or emperor in the Safavid Empire; title proclaimed by Ismail in 1501.

Shah Abbas I (Abbas the Great)

Safavid ruler (ruled 1588-1629) who presided over the empire at its height, importing weaponry from Europe and relying on European advisors.

Akbar

Babur's grandson, achieved grand religious and political goals in Mughal Empire.

Castes (Jatis)

Strict social groupings designated at birth in the Indian caste system, which divides Hindu people into four categories.

Harem Politics

The efforts of wives and concubines of the sultan to promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne.

Aurangzeb

Shah Jahan's son and successor (ruled 1658-1707) who hoped to expand the Mughal Empire and bring all of India under Muslim rule.