Final Lecture Exam - #3

True or False: The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body.

TRUE.

Which layer of the digestive tract contains mucus-associated lymphoid tissue?

Mucosa and Submucosa

Which of the digestive tracts is synonymous with the visceral peritoneum?

Serosa

True or False: The digestive tract is heavily innervated with nerve supply.

TRUE

When salivary amylase converts polysaccharides into disaccharides is an example of:

Chemical digestion or hydrolysis reaction

When this sphincter fails to close adequately, it causes gastroesophageal reflux disease

LOWER esophageal sphincter (LES)

Which of these is not a function of the stomach:

Absorption of sodium

Which type of stomach cells secrete gastrin?

G-cells

Which of these is NOT a function of the pancreas?

Absorb water

What is the function of the bile produced by the liver?

Breaks down fats and carries away waste products from the liver

- Which of these is NOT a function of the liver:

o Vitamin D activation

o Processing drugs

o Synthesizing amylase

o Synthesizing bile salts

Synthesizing amylase

Which type of movement in the small intestine mixes chyme with digestive juices to bring it in contact with the mucosa for absorption?

Segmentation

Which of the structures below are designed to increase surface area in the small intestine:

o Duodenal glands

o Circular folds

o Intestinal villi

o Microvilli

Circular folds, Intestinal villi, Microvilli

Which of these digestive enzymes works to break proteins into peptides?

Papsin

True or false: Chylomicrons that contain triglycerides are transported in lymphatic lacteals.

TRUE.

What is NOT a function of the colon/ large intestine?

o Formation of feces

o Absorption of water

o Production of intrinsic factor

o Defecation

Production of intrinsic factor

- Which digestive enzyme works to break triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides?

Pancreatic lipase

Which type of chemical reaction involves the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule?

Oxidation

True or false: oxidation-reduction reactions of not need to occur coupled and can each take place independently.

FALSE

- How does insulin facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell?

Triggering the movement of GLUT4

Which step of carbohydrate metabolism involves splitting glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid?

Glycolysis

True or False: During the electron transport chain, the inner mitochondrial membrane contains complexes that act as a proton pump that expels H+.

TRUE

The total amount of ATP generated by aerobic cellular respiration is:

36-38 ATP

After glycolysis, if oxygen is scarce, then pyruvate will:

Undergo fermentation

When ATP is needed, stored glycogen is broken down in a process known as...

Glycogenesis

Which of the following molecules can be used in gluconeogenesis (Choose all that apply)

- lactic acid

- ketone bodies

- glycerol

- certain amino acids

- lactic acid, glycerol, and certain amino acids

Which type of lipoproteins remove excess cholesterol from body cells and blood and transport it to the liver for elimination?

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

True or False: Cholesterol mostly comes from dietary intake.

FALSE.

True or False: The body has an efficient storage mechanism for excess amino acid intake.

FALSE

Which key metabolic molecule is involved in the production of lactic acid?

Pyruvic acid

Triglycerides, broken down into glycerol and fatty acids are known as:

Lipid catabolism

How much of the total energy expenditure is physical activity?

30%-35%

Which vitamin is needed in the production of red blood cells, and a deficiency of which can cause pernicious anemia?

Vitamin B12

Which of these is NOT a function of the urinary system?

- Regulation of blood temperature

- Regulation of blood pH

- Regulation of blood volume

- Regulation of blood pressure

Regulation of blood temperature

How much of resting cardiac output flows through the kidneys?

- 20-25%

- 5-10%

- 40-45%

- 3-7%

20-25%

Which of these structures do NOT normally pass through the filtration membrane? (choose all that apply)

- Glucose

- Red blood cells

- Plasma

- Large proteins

Red blood cells and large proteins

Which structure helps to regulate blood pressure in the kidney?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which step of urine formation involves the movement of waste, drugs, and excess ions into the renal tubule and urine?

Tubular Secretion

True or False: Glomerular filtration is driven by blood pressure.

TRUE

What is the net filtration pressure when capsular hydrostatic pressure is 15 mmHg, blood colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mmHg, and glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure is 55 mmHg?

10 mmHg

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute is

Glomerular filtration rate

Which hormone constricts afferent and efferent arterioles, decreasing GFR?

Angiotensin 2

True or False: Anti-diuretic hormone is present during the production of dilute urine.

FALSE

Which type of nephron forms 15-20% of nephrons and produces concentrated urine?

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Which of these is present in urine under normal conditions?

- Glucose

- Red blood cells

- Uric acid

- Microbes

Uric acid

True or False: When GFR is too high, nearly all substances are reabsorbed. and wastes are not properly excreted.

FALSE

Atrial natriuretic peptide is released in response to:

Increased atrial stretch

True or False: Most of the water, glucose, amino acids, and ions in filtrate are reabsorbed.

TRUE

Which type of reabsorption involves passive fluid leakage between cells?

Paracellular Reabsorption