Chemistry 111, Unit 1 Study

H

Hydrogen

Li

Lithium

Be

Beryllium

Na

Sodium

Mg

Magnesium

K

Potassium

Ca

Calcium

Rb

Rubidium

Sr

Strontium

Cs

Caesium

Ba

Barium

Sc

Scandium

Ti

Titanium

V

Vanadium

Cr

Chromium

Mn

Manganese

Fe

Iron

Co

Cobalt

Ni

Nickel

Cu

Copper

Zn

Zinc

Pd

palladium

Ag

Silver

Cd

Cadmium

Pt

Platinum

Au

Gold

Hg

Mercury

Sn

Tin

Pb

Lead

Al

Aluminum

B

Boron

C

Carbon

Si

Silicone

N

Nitrogen

P

Phosphorus

O

Oxygen

S

Sulfer

F

Fluorine

Cl

Chlorine

Br

Bromine

I

Iodine

He

helium

Ne

Neon

Ar

Argon

Kr

Krypton

Xe

Xenon

Rn

Radon

A good hypothesis is….

Falsifiable

Mass

Neither created nor destroyed

Law

A statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones

Theory

A model for nature, to explain it and explain why it does what it does

Matter is…

Anything that occupies space and had mass

Solid matter

Atoms or molecules are pulled close together in fixed location

A solid has

Fixed volume and rigid shape

Matter is classified according

To its state and its composition

Solid matter can be,

Crystalline or amorphous

Crystalline (Term)

Atoms or molecules are in patterns with long-range, repeating order

Amorphous (Term)

Atoms do not have any long-range order

Liquid matter

Have fixed volume but no fixed shape

Gaseous matter are…

The only type to be compressible

Phase transitions

energy is added or taken away, changing state of matter

Condensation

Conversion of a gas into a liquid. Losing energy.

Freezing

Conversion of a liquid into a solid, losing energy.

Melting

Conversion of solid into a liquid, gaining energy

Evaporation

Conversion of a liquid into a gas, gaining energy

Sublimation

Solid directly into a gas

Deposition

A gas directly into a solid (flash freezing)

Classification of matter by components

Matter can be classified according to its composition: elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Pure substance

Only made up of one component, invariant

Mixture

Composed of two or more components

The two types if pure substances

Elements and compounds

An element

Cannot be broken down into simpler substances

A compound

Can be broken down (two or more elements)

When are elements most chemically reactive?

When combined with other elements to form compounds (water, sugar, etc)

Mixtures can be categorized into two types:

Heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous mixtures

Heterogeneous Mixture (Term)

This is when the composition varies from one region of the mixture to another (IE: salt and sand)

Homogeneous mixture (Term)

Multiple substances, but appears as one. All portions of the sample have the same composition

Separating mixtures

Decanting and Filtration

Filtration (Term)

Pouring mixture through filter paper in a funnel

How can homogeneous mixture of liquids be separated?

By distillation, heating mixture to boil to off the more volatile. The liquid is then recondensed and collected in separate flask.

Volatile

Easily vaporizable

Physical change

Alteration only the state it appearance

Chemical changes

Are the change into different substance (IE: Rusting)

Physical property

Property that a substances displays without changing composition

Chemical property

A property that a substance displays only by changing its composition

What are the Seven Base Units?

Distance (Meter), time (second), mass (kilogram) power of light (Candela) temperature (Kelvin), quantity (Mole), electric current (Ampere)

Sl unit of mass

1 kg = 2.205 Ib

Temperature measures

The amount of kinetic energy

Density is

The ratio of a substance’s mass to volume

Density =

mass/volume

Intensive property

a characteristic that is independent of the amount of substance (Density)

Extensive property

A characteristic that is dependent on the amount if substance (mass)

Accuracy

How close to measured value is to actual

Precision

How close a series measurements are to each other, reproducibility?

Random error

Error that has equal probability of being too high or too low

Systematic error

Error that tends toward being either too high or too low

Dimensional analysis

Given x conversation factor(s) = X

Conversion factor

a fractional quantity of a unit with units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top.

An atom is the..

Smallest identifiable unit of an element

The three most important laws,

Law of conservation of mass, definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions