industrialization and Development Vocabulary Terms Part 2

Acid rain

Rainfall with much higher acidity than normal, caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides derived from the burning fossil fuels being flushed from the atmosphere by precipitation.

Agglomeration

A snowballing geographical process by which secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities.

Agglomeration Economies

Positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for consumers of their products, often in the form of lower costs to the industries and consumers.

Air Pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particles, at a greater level that occurs in average air.

Factors of Production (aluminum industry)

The requirements for production, usually represented as capital, labor, and land. Capital covers all man-made aids to future production.

Assembly line production/Fordism

Manufacturing process broken down onto different components, with different groups of people performing different tasks to complete the product.

Bid rent theory

Theory showing the predicted decline in cost of land and population density as you move away from the central business district in the concentric zone model.

Break-of-bulk point

The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.

Canadian industrial heartland

Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centered in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.

Carrier efficiency

The ratio of output to input for a given carrier.

Comparative advantage

Ability of a country (or place) to produce a good or offer a good or service better than another country can.

Cumulative causation

Contributing factor to uneven development; occurs when money flows to areas of greatest profit.

Deglomeration

Unclumping of industries because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with overcrowding.

Economic sectors

In modern economics, there are four main sectors of economic activity:primary, secondary, tertiary, and quinary.

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output.

Ecotourism

Responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people.

Energy resources

Renewable (sun, sea, wind) or non-renewable (coal mine, gas well, oil well) resource used for obtaining an energy source.

Entrepot

A trading center or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying important duties , often at a profit.

Export processing zone

Designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conductive to export-oriented production.

Fixed costs

An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an imput cost that is spatially constant.

Footloose industry

Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.

Four Tigers

The highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Greenhouse effect

A process in which the increased release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere,

Growth poles

An urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by a measure of investment support, will stimulate regional economic development in its hinterland.

Heartland/rimland

The interior of a sizeable landmass, removed from maritime connections; in particular, the interior of the Eurasian continent.

Industrial location theory

The forces leading to the location of industrial activity. One choice might be the least‐cost location.

Industrial regions

Refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.

Industrial Revolution

A series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700’s, that led to the use of machines an inanimate power in the manufacturing process.

Receding Industry

Industry is diminishing in size and importance.

Growing Industry

A business that has become increasingly popular or profitable; an interest or activity that is increasingly popular or trendy.

Infrastructure

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development;

International division of labor

A division of work between rich and poor countries under which low-waged workers in the global south do assembly.

Labor-intensive Industry

An industry for which labor costs represent a large proportion of total production costs.