BIO 107: Unit 1 - Ch 2 Chemical Level

What is are Atoms?

What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?

What are Protons?

What is the positively (+) charged part of the nucleus?

What are Neutrons?

What is the uncharged part of the nucleus?

What are Electrons?

What is the negatively (-) charged small particles that circle the nucleus in a cloud or shell?

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

How much Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up the human body?

What elements make up the remaining 4% of the human body?

How much percentage does silicon, fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium, chromium, tin, aluminum, and boron make up the human body?

What are Chemical Bonds?

What is the force that holds participating atoms together?

What is a Molecule?

What has 2 or more atoms sharing electrons?

What is a Compound?

What is a substance that contains 2 or more different element?

What is an Ionic Bond?

What is the bond between opposite charged ions that are attracted to each other?

What are Ions?

What happen to an atom that has gained or lost electrons & becomes (+) or (-) charged?

What is a Cation?

What is a (+) charged ion?

What is an Anion?

What is a (-) charged ion?

What is a Covalent Bond?

How do 2 or more atoms share electrons and much stronger than ionic bonds?

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

How do water forms polar bonds?

What are Reactants?

What is the starting substance of a reaction?

What are Products?

What is the ending substance after a reaction?

What is Activation Energy?

What is the initial energy to start a reaction?

- increase in concentration &/or temperature causes atoms to collide.

What is a Catalysis?

What speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed, not consumed?

What are Enzymes?

What are the special proteins that lower activation energy in living tissue, and can not tolerate high heat or concentrations?

What is Exergonic?

What are reactions that release more energy than they absorb? (produce energy)

What is Endergonic?

What are reactions that require more energy than they release? (absorb energy)

What are Decomposition Reaction?

How do larger molecules splitting up into smaller ones, usually gives off energy (A-B -> A+B)?

What is Catabolism?

What cause the breaking down of substances in the body?

(Ex. break down of sugar).

What is Hydrolysis?

How does water break down or split a substance?

What are Synthesis Reactions?

How do substances combine to produce new larger molecules, usually requires energy (A+B -> A-B)?

What is Anabolism?

What is the combining of substances in the body?

(Ex. amino -> proteins).

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

How is H2O formed while joining reactant?

What are Exchange Reactions?

What happens when both compounds switch partners?

(Ex. A-B + C-D -> A-D + B-C).

What are Reversible Reactions?

What happens when products revert back to original reactants?

(A-B <--> A+B)

What are Nutrients?

What are essential elements and molecules obtained only from food?

What are Metabolites?

How do molecules synthesized or broken down in the body?

What is water?

What is the most important molecule in the body, required for most reactions, 2/3 of body weight?

What is Solubility?

How do molecule break down or dissolve in water?

What is Reactivity?

What are the medium for reactions as well as important reactant in many reactions?

What is High Heat Capacity?

What is the ability to absorb and retain heat?

What is Lubrication?

How is there little friction between water molecules?

What are Electrolytes?

What are the soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electric charge?

What is Hydrophilic?

What type of substance will interact with water? (loves water)

What is Hydrophobic?

What type of substance does not interact with water? (hates/fears water)

What is pH?

How is hydrogen ion concentration measured?

If pH goes down . . .

Than acidic goes up.

What is a Neutral pH?

What is a solution with a pH of 7?

What is an Acidic pH?

What is a solution with a pH below 7?

What is a Basic pH?

What is a solution with a pH above 7?

What are Salts?

What is a union of a (+) cation {not an H ion} with an (-) anion? Ex. NaCl

What are Buffers?

What are compounds that stabilize pH, convert strong acids or bases into weak ones?

What are Organic Compounds?

What is based on carbon and hydrogen atoms, and living?

What are Carboxyl group (-COOH)?

What acts as an acid?

What are Amino group (-NH2)?

What can accept or release H's, can form bonds?

What are Phosphate group (PO4)?

What can link with molecules, can store energy in high energy bonds?

What are Carbohydrates?

What is the body's primary source of energy?

What are Monosaccharides?

What has simple or single sugar?

What is glucose?

What is the most important metabolic fuel in the body?

What are Disaccharides?

What has 2 sugar molecules?

Ex. sucrose (G+F), maltose (G+G), lactose (G+Gal).

What are Polysaccharides?

What has long chain sugars?

Ex. glycogen (animal storage), starch (plant storage), cellulose (plant fiber).

What are Lipids?

What has fats and oils?

What are Fatty Acids?

What has long carbon chain with H's, energy?

What are Prostaglandins (Eicosanoids)?

What has direct cellular activities?

What are Glycerides (mono, di, tri)?

What fat molecule has energy source?

What are Steroids?

What has hormones?

What is Cholesterol?

What has structural components of cells, and transport mechanism?

What are Phospholipids & Glycolipids?

What has structural components of cells?

What are saturated lipids?

What contain no double bonds between carbon atoms?

What are unsaturated lipids?

What contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms?

What is monounsaturated?

What type of unsaturated fat that contains exactly one double bond in its fatty acid chain?

What is polyunsaturated?

What type of unsaturated fat that contains two or more double bonds in its fatty acid chain?

What are Proteins?

What has long chains of amino acids (peptide bonds)?

What are Fibrous Proteins?

What has structural, forms sheets or strands?

What are Globular Proteins?

What are reactive, rounded, and found in aqueous solutions (blood)?

Ex. {enzymes, hormones, transport proteins}

What are the functions of an Enzyme?

What facilitates most reactions in the body?

What are Cofactors?

What must bind to an enzyme to activate the enzyme (ions)?

What are Coenzymes?

What are the organic molecules that act as cofactors (vitamins)?

What is Denaturation?

What is the breaking down of a protein's structure, heat or enzymes breaks peptide bonds?

What are Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans?

What is the large with a carbohydrate attached -> can form enzymes, hormones, antibodies, & structural components?

What are Nucleic Acids?

What stores and processes information inside the cell?

What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

What determines inherited characteristics, and governs the cell?

What is RNA (ribonucleic acid)?

What manufactures proteins in the body?

What are Nitrogenous bases?

What are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine?

What bonds with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)?

What bonds with Adenine?

What bonds with Guanine?

What bonds with Cytosine?

What are High-Energy Compounds?

What is the energy "currency" used by cells to store & obtain energy?

What is Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?

Which high-energy compounds has 2 phosphates?

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

Which high-energy compounds has 3 phosphates?

What is Phosphorylation?

What is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule?

Ex. ADP + a phosphate to make ATP