CPH Lec Week 11

infectious diseases

For most of human history, ___ were the leading cause of death worldwide

Black Death

Bubonic Plague AKA ___

Fleas

The Bubonic Plague is spread through ___

14th century

Bubonic Plague occurred in the ___

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic Plague is caused by: ___

1980

Smallpox was eradicated in ___

Edward Jenner (1796)

Smallpox vaccine was developed by ___

respiratory droplets and direct contact

Smallpox is spread through ___ and ___

Pre-20th century

Smallpox occurred in the ___

Rice Watery Stool

Cholera identifying symptom: ___

19th century

Cholera occurred in the ___

Vibrio cholerae

Cholera caused by: ___

contaminated water sources

Cholera spread through: ___

Blue Death

Cholera was once called ___

Streptomycin (1943) and Isoniozid (1952)

Tuberculosis antibiotics: ___ (_) and ___ (_)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis caused by: ___

airborne droplets

Tuberculosis spread through: ___

sanatoriums

Tuberculosis has led to the establishment of ___ for TB patients before antibiotics were developed

Blue skin (cyanosis)

Spanish Flu can cause: ___

1918 to 1919

Spanish Flu occurred in ___ to ___

H1N1 influenza virus

Spanish Flu caused by: ___

Bubonic Plague ; Smallpox ; Cholera ; Tuberculosis ; Spanish Flu

Major Epidemic Throughout History

• ___

• ___

• ___

• ___

• ___

Lack of understanding of microbes

Factors Contributing to High Mortality Rates

• ___ - People believed diseases were caused by “miasma” of bad air

miasma

___ is also known as bad air

Poor sanitation and hygiene

Factors Contributing to High Mortality Rates

• ___ - No sewage systems or clean water supplies

Overcrowding

Factors Contributing to High Mortality Rates

• ___ - High population density facilitated diseases transmission

No vaccines or antibiotics

Factors Contributing to High Mortality Rates

• ___ - No medical interventions to prevent or cure infections

Malnutrition and weakened immunity

Factors Contributing to High Mortality Rates

• ___ - Poor diet made people more susceptible to infections

Louis Pasteur

The Germ Theory of Disease was proposed by ___, stating that microorganisms cause infections

Spontaneous Germ Theory

Before Germ Theory, we had the ___

Swan Neck Flask Experiment

Louis Pasteur performed the ___ experiment

Robert Koch

___ was a German physician, identified the specific microorganisms responsible for infectious diseases

Koch’s Postulates

Robert Koch developed the ___

microbe

Koch’s Postulates provided a systematic method for linking a ___ to a disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Vibrio cholerae ; Bacillus anthracis

Robert Koch was able to identify major bacterial pathogens:

• ___

• ___

• ___

every case

The organism must be present in ___ of the disease

isolated and grown

The organisms must be ___ and ___ in the laboratory

susceptible test animals

When injected with the laboratory grown culture, ___ must develop the disease

newly affected animals

The organism must be isolated from the ___ and the process repeated

Bacteria ; Virus ; Parasite

Classification of Pathogens

• ___

• ___

• ___

Single celled

Bacteria

• ___ microorganisms

outside

Bacteria

• can love and reproduce ___ the human body

antibiotics

Bacteria

• Can be treated with ___

Non-living

Virus

• ___ infectious agents

host cell

Virus

• require a ___ to replicate

smaller

Virus

• Much ___ than bacteria

Vaccination

Virus

• ___ is still the best prevention strategy

host

Parasites

• Organisms that live and feed on a ___

Anti-parasitic drugs

Parasites

• ___ are used to eliminate infections

Direct Contact

___: Person-to-Person Contact (e.g., touching, kissing, sexual contact)

Person-to-Person Contact

___: e.g., touching, kissing, sexual contact

Indirect Contact

___

• Fecal-Oral Route (contaminated food or water)

• Airborne Transmission (aerosols from coughing or sneezing)

Fecal-Oral Route

___: contaminated food or water

Airborne Transmission

___: aerosols from coughing or sneezing

Vector

___: Through insects or animals

Pathogen ; Reservoir ; Portal of Exit ; Mode of Transmission ; Portal or Entry ; Susceptible Host

Chain of Infection

• ___

• ___

• ___

• ___

• ___

• ___

pathogen

A ___ is a microorganism that causes disease

Reservoir

The place where the pathogen naturally exists and thrives

Portal of Exit

The route through which the pathogen exits the reservoir to infect a new host

Mode of Transmission

The mechanism by which a pathogen moves rom one host to another

Portal of Entry

The site where the pathogen enters a new host

Susceptible Host

A person or animal who is vulnerable to infection

Smallpox

concerns remain about bioterrorism

Polio

Has challenges with Political resistance and vaccine misinformation

Rabies

A fatal disease transmitted through animal bites

Disneyland outbreak

Measles outbreak: 2014 to 2015 ___

Orthodox Jewish community outbreak

Measles outbreak: 2018 to 2019 ___

Wakefield scandal

falsely linked the MMR vaccine to autism